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What are the three layers of the tear film?
Mucin, Aqueous, Oil
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Is the mucin layer hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
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Where does the mucin come from?
conjunctival goblet cells
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Where does the aqueous come from?
lacrimal gland
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Is the oil layer hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
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Where does the oil come from?
meibomian gland
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Lysozyme is composed of what?
carbohydrates, lipids, electrolytes, proteins, lactoferrin, vitamins
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What are basal tears?
normal tears that keep eye lubricated
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What are reflex tears?
caused by irritation
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What are emotional tears?
crying or weeping, an emotional state
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What is KCS?
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
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KCS is caused by what?
old age, environment, dry, windy climate, medications
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What happens when there is inadequate mucin?
tears run off the eye and do not adhere to surface
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What happens when there is inadequate aqueous?
causes dryness; most common type of KCS
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What happens when there is inadequate oil?
tears evaporate rapidly
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What are signs & symptoms of dry eyes?
reduced VA, thickened cornea, excessive reflex tearing
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What is TBUT and what is it used for?
tear break up time and used with fluorescein dye to the eye and pt's cornea can be seen under the slit lamp for how long it takes for the dry spots to appear
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What is Meibomian Gland Dysfunction?
insufficient lipids is produced to hold aqueous on the eye to prevent evaporation
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What are the most used OTC drugs?
artificial tears
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Refresh tears are made of what?
carboxymethylcellulose
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What are in visine tears?
polyethylene gylcol
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Murine tears contain what?
polyvinyl alcohol-povidone
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What are in bion tears?
hydrooxypropylmethylcellulose
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What are two types of nourishing drops?
viva drops and thera tears
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What do the nourishing drops do?
match the electrolyte balance of your eye
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Restasis is a type of what drug?
cyclosporine
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When and who was the first to describe and sketch ideas for contact lens?
1508- Leonardo Davinci
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Who was the first to suggest placing lens directly on the eye to the correct vision?
1632- Rene Descartes
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Who was the first to propose in making a mold wearers eye so contact lenses can be made to conform perfectly to the front of the eye?
1827- Sir John Herschel
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Who was the first to produce the first glasses contact lens?
1887- F.E. Muller
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Who was the first in using glass contact lenses to correct vision?
1888- A.E.Fick & Optician E.Kalt
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Who was the first to introduce an improved method to take mold of living eues so contact lenses can be made to fit the eye?
1929- Joseph Dallos
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Hydroxypropylmethycellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose are used for what?
viscous coupling agent for gonioscopy or contact funduscopy. creates an optical cushion between lens and cornea
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Sterile Intraocular Irrigating Solution is considered what?
balanced salt solution, BSS and Endodol
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Balanced salt solution, BSS are used for what?
to protect the intraocular tissues during surgery and maintain space and cellular function
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What is the pH of ocular tissue?
7.4
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What happens if the pH is <7 or >8?
can lead to death of the cells
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What is Navstel?
balanced salt ophthalmic solution with hydroxymethylcellulose, dextrose and glutathione
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What is Navstel used for and when did the FDA approve it?
2008 and surgical procedures requiring infusion of the eye
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Extraocular irrigating solution is used for what?
foreign body removal, general cleansing of ocular surface, nasolacrimal irrigation, and removal of coupling solutions
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What are some types of extraocular irrigating solutions?
eye stream, eye wash
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