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a variety of policies and programs that aim to avoid discrimination and redress past discrimination through active recruitment of qualified minorities for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
affirmative action
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the process by which a majority and a minority group blend or mix to form a new group
amalgamation
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the process by which members of a minority group come to adopt the culture of the majority group
assimilation
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a form of bias in which the promotion of race neutrality helps to maintain existing racial and ethnic inequality
color-blind racism
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unequal treatment that gives advantages to one group of people over another without justifiable cause
discrimination
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shared cultural heritage often deriving from a common ancestry and homeland
ethnicity
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the systematic killing of a group of people, based on their race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion
genocide
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unequal treatment that results from the structural organization, policies, and procedures of social institutions such as the government, businesses, and schools
institutional discrimination
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a collection of people who enjoy privileges and have more access to power because of identifiable physical or cultural characteristics
majority group
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a collection of people who suffer disadvantages and have less power because of identifiable physical or cultural characteristics
minority group
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a situation in which distinct ethnic and racial groups coexist on equal terms and have equal social standing
pluralism
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to "pre-judge" someone or some group negatively based on inadequate information
prejudice
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a category of people widely perceived as sharing socially significant physical characteristics such as skin color
race
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the idea that supposedly natural and immutable differences separate the races
racial essentialism
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the implementation of government and private-sector policies that discriminated against minorities and provided Whites with numerous advantages
racialization of the state
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the belief that one race is inherently superior to another
racism
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an individual or group of people falsely blamed for negative situation
scapegoat
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keeping distinct social groups physically and socially separate and unequal
segregation
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the theory that ethnic and racial conflicts often emerge when two racial or ethnic groups compete for the same jobs
split labor market theory
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exaggerated, distorted, or untrue generalizations about categories of people that do not acknowledge individual variation
stereotypes
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immigrants who retain strong personal, cultural, and economic ties to both their country of birth and their newly adopted home
transnational migrants
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