rtvf lecture 5

R/G/B backlit displays of pixels with doors in front of each, originally aimed at computer users and thus tend to be smaller, better at displaying multimedia text and graphics, trouble  clearly displaying fast moving objects, lasts longer than plasma, weigh less than plasma

little CRT picture tubes all pressed together, aimed at video users larger than LCDs, better displaying HDTV, consume more power than LCDs and hotter, problems with glare

regular LCDs with with several advantages and one disadvantage. provide increased contrast and better color reproduction, allow slimmer designs, more environmentally friendly, more expensive

4K,  2014

interlace scanning total lines= 1 frame of video that is broken down into 2 fields. one of these fields cans the odd numbered lines other scans even. progressive=each frame has all 480/720/1080 lines and takes 1/60th or 1/30th of second before scanning refreshes frame. newer.

smallest unit of picture information. digital TV pictures are made of arrays of pixels. up to 3.6 billion pixels so digital compression is needed

analog: infinite. digital: 2 (0 & 1, 1 on/off is bit)

analog: sin. digital: square

analog: nature. digital: electronic equipment

analog: ears/eye. digital: modern electronic devices

analog: mics, speakers, CCDs, CRTs. digital: iPods, CDs, DV, DVDs, etc

analog: like original. digital: representation of original

analog: constant voltage fluctuations. digital: sampling/quantizing

higher first generation resolution, multi-generation recordings without loss of quality, compression techniques that reduce the digital bitstream allowing for greater recording volumes or availability of content, correct processing problems

at either 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz (CD quality) or 48 kHz for most video applications, HD audio is 192 kHz

bit-rate reduction, reduce file sizes by removing redundant data from video and/or audio signals. allows for hard drive & broadcast efficiencies for applications like digital nonlinear editing (dnle), internet hosting sites (cloud), multichannel cable distribution

2:1 compression because progressive scanning requires 2x the bandwidth

mathematical schemes, algorithms, little computer programs to figure out how best to remove the info with the least negative impact. remove info that can easily be reconstructed, considered nonessential, or is unnoticeable by eyes or ears.

temporal. removes redundant information from each frame, utilizes the remaining information in previous frame to fill-in any missing information. first frame=key frame (uncompressed)

1. streaming-live. served from a host hard drive server to a user thru a live "push system" similar to cable television 2. progressive download-YouTube, served from a host server to user thru a pull system. user must click to watch video/audio. downloads so you can move around.

rejected redundant information is fully recoverable at the moment of decompression (cable TV)

a definite loss of information, the further apart the keyframes, the more lossy

Motion Picture Experts Group forms of compression are standard codecs used in tv and internet video. MPEG 2- used for TV for broadcast, production equipment. MPEG 4- internet video. MP3-audio

H.264. most advanced video codec, algorithm based on random sampling of 4,8, or 16 pixels in frame. creates a predictive pattern that works forward & backward at the same time saving original quality especially during shot transitions, made by Apple

H.264 is being replaced by H.265 in 2016. Ultra-HD/4kTV's codec

animation-based codec Flash owned by Adobe, smallest file size which yields quickest downloads

uncompressed digital signal, "serial digital interface", carries video as well as embedded audio (up to 16 channels), both SD and HD flavors

islands. requires a lot of A/D to D/A converters. sometimes 2 per device when both input and output. dempster converters utilize an A/D standard-International Telecommunicaions Union Recommendation (ITU Rec) 601, conversions lower picture quality

tapeless. store video signals on magnetic or optical discs or solid state memory cards. nonlinear playback. our Chyron and XClyps and GVG provide tapeless clip playback

tapeless acquisition. utilize cheap secure digital high capacity (SDHC).

not all of them create file types that are compatible with DNLE system. Panasonic lower level user AVC HC (long-GOP) compression processing-form of temporal compression hard to edit. not recognized natively by Avid and needs transcoding to one recognized by MXF file

robotic camera controllers and video servers (XClyps) that are delivered to switcher without an operator

integrated control room devices. 'master' control devices that command peripheral devices like audio boards and servers without an operator. all-in-one Broadcast Pix switchers also integrate internal clip players, monitoring, robotic camera and audio board control

used for ENG and local transmission of signals. require a clear line of sight between transmitter and receiver

used for SNG and non local transmission of signals

used in a similar fashion to satellites but are cheaper since they use existing, and emerging global cabling

allow external feeds to be synchronized with the rest of a production facility's "in house" equipment. accepts any video source.

exchanges between computers, using the internet, will likely replace signal feeds but not until internet bandwidth is big enough to allow for HD signals to be transferred in real time. internet protocol television uses this form of file transfer

high-speed wireless internet and data network access over large areas. allow multiple cell phone channels to get video back to their facilities.