this muscle arises from the lateral border of the cricoid and muscular process of the arytenoids?
intrinsic or extrinsic?
adducts or abducts?
lateral cricoarytenoid
intrinsic
adductor
interarytenoid-
adductor or abductor?
paired or unpaired?
the two bundles of muscle fibers?
what happens when it contracts?
adductor
unpaired
transverse and oblique
glides the arytenoids toward each other medially closing posterior of the glottis
the only abductor of the vocal folds?
whats its shape?
paired or unpaired?
origin and insertion?
posterior cricoarytenoid
fan shaped
paired
posterior of the cricoid and inserts into muscular process of each arytenoid
the paired cricothyroid two sets of muscle fibers?
function?
pars recta and pars oblique
pitch changer-streches and elongates the folds
the vocalis muscle?
its two sets of fibers?
the thyroarytenoid
thyromuscularis and thyrovocalis
to initiate vocal fold vibration, the folds must close. this is achieved by the the LCA and IA which exert a force called
medial compression
the most widely accepted model of voice production
myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
how to the folds open and close?
open from bottom to top and close from bottom to top
the slight time lag between the opening and closing of the inferior and superior portions of the folds
vertical phase difference
the timing lag between the opening and closing of the folds back to front?
how do they open and close anteriorly and posteriorly?
longitudinal phase difference
open posterior to anterior and close anterior to posterior
the timing differences give the fold vibrations an undulating, wavelike motion known as
the mucosal wave
rate of vibration of the folds depends on
length, mass and tension
the greater the length and mass of the folds and less tension and stiffness
the slower they will vibrate thus a lower pitch
Fo is determined primarily by the_____ of the folds
tension
adult female Fo
180-250 Hz
adult male Fo
80-150 Hz
intensity is controlled by
regulating subglottal pressure through increasing/decreasing medial compression
the difference between the subglottal pressure and supraglottal is the driving pressure forcing air to flow through the glottis is known as
transglottal pressure
the minimum pressure subglottally needed to set the folds into vibration is
phonation threshold pressure
phonation threshold pressure for conversational speech
3 cm H2O-6
at higher Fo, the folds are thinner and stiffer, so ____ pressure is needed to set them into vibration
more
pressure for a louder yell needs to be about ____ cm H2O
50
harmonics contribute to the _____ of voice
quality
the spectrum of the human voice
the glottal spectrum
the glottal spectrum would represent the sound you hear where?
at the level of the larynx
the glottal spectrum shows the Fo is the ______ frequency with the _______ amplitude
lowest; greatest
there is _____ acoustic energy in the lower frequencies of voice and ______ in the higher
more; less
there are about ____ harmonics in the human voice with at least some acoustic energy
40
the distance in harmonic frequencies in a complex sound
harmonic spacing
if one has a Fo of 100 Hz, the harmonics would be.....
200, 300, 400, 500 up to about 4000 to 5000
if one changes their Fo to 200 Hz, the harmonics would be....
400, 600, 800
T or F
there are always small fluctuations in frequency and amplitude, resulting in almost, but not quite periodic sound
T
the timing variablitly between cycles of vibration is called
frequency perturbation or jitter
the variability between cycles of amplitude
amplitude perturbation or shimmer
cycle-to-cyle variations in frequency and amplitude are caused by what factors?
neurologic, biomechanic, aerodynamic, and acoustic
the very lowest level of jitter is about?
the norms range from ___ to ___
0.2 %
0.2 to 1
children and elderly have _____ jitter values then younger adults
higher
normal shimmer values
below 0.5 dB
if vocal fold mass is increased by a cyst or nodule, the Fo will _______ and vibration will be less ________ and jitter and shimmer levels will ________
decrease; periodic; increase
this refers to a particular part of the range of the range of pitches of voice or instrument
register
midrange pitches are ______ registers and higher range are ______ registers and a mixture of the two are _____ registers
chest; flasetto; head
in terms of voice production, the range of Fo is usually divided into these three registers
pulse, modal and falsetto
pulse register refers to ......
also called .......
very low Fo, creaky, popping sound
vocal or glottal fry or creaky voice
flasetto is a very _____ voice
aka ____
high; loft register
register most common in speech
modal
in modal register, the ratio of time the folds are closed compared to opening and closing is ____.
in pulse whats the ratio?
equal
about 90% closed and opening and closing about 10%
in this register, the folds are very long and stiff, thin along the edges and somewhat bow shaped
falsetto
people may drop down to _____ register at the end of a sentence
pulse
when the folds are adducted too tightly with too much medial comprression is....
why would this be?
hyperadducted
vocal abuse to neurological disease such as spasmodic dysphonia
vocal folds that do not adduct as tighly as they should is...
why?
hypoadducted
neurological conditions to misuse
with an abundance of terminology of voice characteristics, there is a problem with clinical management of voice disorders because the terms are highly _____
subjective
what are the 6 specifiable parameters of voice production that contribute to a clear, normal voice?
1. maximum frequency range
2. speaking Fo
3. max phonation time
4. minimum-max intensity at various Fo levels
5. periodicity of vibration
6. noise generated by turbulent airflow
the longest time one can sustain a vowel in one breath
max phonation time
an adult should be able to sustain a phonation for about
15-25 secs
noise in the voice signal
additive noise
an abnormal voice quality
dysphonia
the three most accepted voice qualities are
brethiness, hoarseness, roughness
vocal tone that sounds aspirated
breathy
raspy sound in the voice with a low pitch is
roughness
a combonation of rough and beathy voice is
hoarse
breathy or rough voices may be characterized by where the _______ occurs on the glottal spectrum
additive or spectral noise
the person with a breathy voice uses ____ to ___ times as much the normal amount of air per second
3 to 4
a measure of the harmonic sound to noise in the voice
harmonics to noise ratio
the higher the HNR is, the ____ harmonic components
more
the lower the HNR, the more _____ there is in the voice
noise
a method to examine vocal fold function
electroglottography or laryngography or EGG
a breathy voice signal has a ______-frquency energy than non-breathy
