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An immediate and accessible way to communicate through imagery
Draw (or Sketch)
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A particular material, along with its accompanying technique
Medium (plural: Media)
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A visual diary and place to develop and maintain drawing skills and to note whatever catches the eye or imagination
Sketchbook
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A full-sized drawing made as a guide for a large work in another medium
Cartoon
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Parallel lines to suggest shadows or volumes
Hatching
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Drawing one set of hatchings over another in different directions so that the lines cross, suggesting shadows or darker areas
Cross-Hatching
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A set of parallel curved lines that suggest a volume in space
Contour Hatching
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Pencil, charcoal, conte crayon, and pastel
Dry Media
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Can very from soft & dark to hard & light. Softer ones give darker lines and harder ones give lighter lines
Pencil
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A dry drawing medium made from charred twigs, usually vine or willow
Charcoal
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Semi-hard chalk with a little oil in the binder that makes it adhere well to smooth paper. It can produce a variety of smudge resistant lines and includes clay and small amounts of wax
Conte Crayon
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Sticks of powdered pigment held together with just a little of a gum binding agent; pale colors tints
Pastels
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Degree of roughness present in drawing papers; the presence of this gives texture to a drawing
Tooth
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A thin varnish used to spray over charcoal to keep it from smudging & falling off
Fixative
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Black & Brown Inks are the most common
Liquid Media
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A thin, transparent layer of paint or ink
Wash
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A sequential art form based on drawing
Comic/Graphic Novels
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Coloring agent; provides color, usually in the form of a powder
Pigment
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Sticky substance that holds the pigment particles together and attaches them to the surface
Binder
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Liquid emulsion that is used as a carrier or spreading agent
Vehicle
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Structure to hold painting surface
Support
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Prepared surface; the sizing plus the primer; constitutes the surface preparation that artists generally do
Ground
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Paint that uses water-soluble gum as the binder and water as the vehicle; best results come from using an absorbent support
Watercolor
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Pigment is mixed with water and some type of gum (often egg yolk); requires rigid support and a ground of chalk & glue, which is called gesso
Tempera
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Ancient technique that involves mixing pigment with a wax binder (also serves as a vehicle)
Encaustic
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Pigment mixed with vegetable oil, often linseed; vehicle: oil; takes a long time to dry, colors blend very well
Oil paint
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Thin, transparent or semi-transparent layers of diluted oils; often applied to give areas of work luminous quality
Glaze
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Thick application of paint
Impasto
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A plastic resin mixed with water; maintains a high degree of intensity & rarely darken with age
Acrylic
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Small-scale paint sprayer capable of projecting a fine, controlled mist of paint
Airbrush
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Pigment is added to water & then applied to a lime- plaster surface; if the plaster surface it is applied to is wet, it is called ..
Buon Fresco
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Pigment is added to water & then applied to a lime- plaster surface; if the plaster surface it is applied to is dry, it is called ..
Fresco Secco (fig. 2.24)
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Any one of multiple expressions made from a single master image, or matrix
Print
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A dull finish or surface, especially in painting, photography, and ceramics
Matte
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The block of metal, wood, stone, or other material that an artist works to create a print
Matrix
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Refers to the total number of prints authorized by the author
Edition
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When a satisfactory stage is reached, the artist makes a few prints for his or her record and personal use
Proofs
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Any printmaking process in which the image to be printed is raised off the background in reverse
Relief
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Type of relief print made from a relatively soft wood
Woodcut
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When individually inked blocks (one of each color) are carefully linked up to ensure that colors will be exactly placed in the final print
Registration
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A method of relief printing in wood. in comparison to woodcut, this is made with denser wood, cutting into the end of the grain rather than into the side
Wood Engraving
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A relief process in printmaking, in which an artist cuts away negative spaces from a block of linoleum, leaving raised areas to take ink for printing
Linocut
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Areas below the surface hold the ink
Intaglio
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Pushes burin (metal rod) across a metal plate, forcing the metal up in silvers in front of the line
Engraving
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A metal plate is coated with a ground & then drawn through to expose the metal
Etching
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Etching process used to obtain grey areas in black and white or color prints
Aquatint
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Pulls a metal needle across a metal plate pushing up rough burns on each side
Drypoint
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A surface or planograhic printing process based on the idea that oil & water do not mix
Lithography
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Printmaking technique in which stencils are applied to fabric stretched across a frame
Screenprinting/Silkscreen/Serigraphy
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A dark room (or box) with a small hole in one side, through which an inverted image of the view outside is projected onto the opposite wall, screen, or mirror
Camera Obscura
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An early photographic process developed by Louis Daguerre in the 1830's, which required a treated metal plate. This plate was exposed to light, and the chemical reactions on the plate created the first satisfactory photographs
Daguerreotype
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Process developed in the mid 1850's, in which a prepared glass plate was exposed for several minutes; although the plate needed to be developed somewhat quickly, it could then serve as a clear negative from which many photos could be printed, see figure 7.4
Wet-Plate Collodion
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The process of working with words and pictures to enhance visual communication
Graphic Design
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An identifying mark, or trademark, based on letterforms combined with pictorial elements
Logo
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The art and technique of composing printed material from letterforms
Typography
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The name given to a style of type.
Typefaces or Fonts
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Short lines with pointed ends, at an angleto the main strokes
Serif
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Have a modern look due to their association with modernist designs
Sans Serif
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Meant to be seen from all sides; the viewer must move around to experience all facets of the work
In-the-Round or Freestanding
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Projects only slightly from the surrounding surface; shadows are minimal
Low-Relief or Bas-Relief
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Sculpture projects forward from the surface
High Relief
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Material is built up or combined to create the form
Additive Process
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One of the traditional methods of fabricating sculpture; is an additive process
Modeling
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The use of one substance in place of another
Substitution Process
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Process of making sculpture by pouring a liquid material into a mold bearing the sculpture's impression
Casting
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A cavity created out of plaster, clay, metal, or plastic for use in casting
Mold
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A figure is molded in wax & encased in clay or plaster, when the clay is fired to make a mold, the wax melts away, leaving a void that can be filled with molten or some other self-hardening liquid to produce a cast
Lost Wax
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Unwanted material is removed to create the form
Subtractive Process
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A sculpture is formed by removing material from a block or mass of wood, stone, or other material, with the use of sharpened tools
Carving
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When industrial material is put together to create the form
Constructions
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When "found" material is put together to create a form
Assemblage
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Sculpture that moves
Kinetic
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A variety of media in a single work
Mixed Media
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An art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks in a room, thinking of the entire space as the medium to be manipulated
Installations
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Any work made for a certain place, which cannot be separated or exhibited apart from its intended environment
Site-Specific
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The art & science of making objects from cclay
Ceramics
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A dedicated high-temperature oven
Kiln
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Baking clay in a kiln to solidify it
Firing
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A type of clay used for ceramics; fired at 1100-1150 degrees Celcius
Earthenware
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A type of clay used for ceramics; fired at 1200-1300 degrees Celcius
Stoneware
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A type of clay used for ceramics; it is white or grayish and fires at 1350-1500 degees Celcius
Porcelain
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The process of forming clay objects on a potter's wheel
Throwing
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Hand-building method in which the clay is formed into sheets before being shaped into a form; figure 11.4
Slab Construction
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Hand-building method in which the clay is rolled into long rope-like strands connected to build a form; figure 19.25
Coiling
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A mixture of clay and water about the consistency of cream, sometimes colored with earthen powders
Slip
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A liquid paint with a silica base, especially formulated for clay
Glaze
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A device that holds warp fibers in place and may pull them apart for weaving
Loom
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The threads that run lengthwise in a fabric, crossed at right angles by the weft
Warp
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The horizontal threads interlaced through the warp
Weft
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Based on the interlacing of fibers
Weaving
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When such massing is done with a consistent pattern
Dry Masonry
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A structural system that uses two or more uprights or posts to support a horizontal beam (or lintel) that spans the space between them
Post-and-Beam or Post-and-Lintel
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A row of columns usually spanned or connected by beams (lintels)
Colonnade
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A series of such arches supported by columns forms an ..
Arcade
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an arch rotated 180 degrees on its vertical axis creates a ..
Dome
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Curving triangular sections
Pendentives
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Vaults based on this made it possible to build wider aisles and higher ceilings
Pointed Arch
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Changes in value/tone can be used to suggest the way light reveals form and makes 2D work look 3D
Chiaroscuro
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Opaque watercolor; the vehicle includes small amounts of fine chalk powder
Gouache
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