Unit 3 (Urinary, Hepatobiliary, GI)

an instrument that is inserted percutaneously through the renal cortex and medulla into the renal pelvis to allow the urine to drain outside of the body directly from the renal pelvis:

name a possible complication to watch for with placement of a nephrostomy tube:

an instrument that is placed surgically or via cystoscopy, with the upper portion in the renal pelvis and the lower portion with the urinary bladder, enabling urine to flow normally:

the most common indwelling urinary catheter:

describe how a foley catheter is placed and its function:

when performing an IVU on a patient with a urinary catheter, name two things that should be done:

a relatively rare anomoly in which one kidney is absent from the body and the other kidney is unusually large:

condition of enlargement of the kidney because of absence of the other kidney:

consists of the presence of a third, small, rudimentary kidney:

a rare anomaly of size involving a kidney that is developed less than normal and usually is associated with hyperplasia of the other kidney:

an overdeveloped kidney, often associated with renal agenesis or hypoplasia of the other kidney:

an anomaly where the lower poles of the kidneys are joined across midline by a band of soft tissues, causing a rotation anomaly on one or both sides:

an anomaly that exists when one kidney lies across the midline and is fused to the other kidney, and both kidneys demonstrate various anomalies of position, shape, fusion, and rotation:

an anomaly that consists of incomplete or excessive rotation of the kidneys as they ascend from the pelvis in utero:

a kidney that is out of its normal position, usually lower in position and most are asymptomatic:

distinguished from a pelvic kidney by the length of the ureter; if the ureter is short, it is a:

"prolapse" of the kidney:

name problems that can be caused by nephroptosis:

name different ways in which renal pelvis and ureter anomalies may possibly occur:

a cystlike dilation of a ureter near its opening into the bladder:

what does a ureterocele usually result from?

how does a ureterocele appear radiographically?

a condition that is probably a congenital anomaly and may actually represent a dilated, branched ureteric remnant:

a condition that may occur as a congenital
anomaly or be caused by chronic bladder obstruction and resultant infection:

mucosal folds that protrude into the posterior urethra as a congenital condition and can cause significant obstruction to urine flow:

a familial kidney disorder that, though congenital in origin, usually presents in adults in their thirties and presents as innumerable tiny cysts that are present at birth gradually enlarge as the patient ages, sometimes becoming so large that normal tissue is compressed and damaged:

a congenital anomaly usually not diagnosed until the fourth or fifth decade of life, when infective complications occur and in which the only visible abnormality is the dilatation of the medullary and papillary portion of the collecting ducts, usually bilaterally:

how does medullary sponge kidney appear radiographically?

a condition of the kidney that looks like “clubbing” and enlargement of the calices:

the most common of all bacterial infections:

a bacterial infection of the calices and renal pelvis and thought to represent the most common renal disease:

a condition where a urinalysis demonstrates a presence of pus (white cells) created by the body’s reaction to the infection:

an inflammatory reaction of the renal parenchyma caused by an antigen-antibody reaction in the glomeruli:

inflammation of the bladder, caused by bacteria that may be either actue or chronic:

the backward flow of urine out of the bladder and into the ureters, may be seen in cases of cystitis:

a bladder dysfunction caused by interference with the nerve impulses concerned with urination:

how can neurogenic bladder occur, and name something to be remembered when dealing with it:

intimal thickening of predominantly the small
vessels of the kidney and may occur as part of the normal aging process as well as in younger patients in association with hypertension and diabetes:

disturbances of calcium metabolism that is characterized by tiny deposits of calcium dispersed thoughout the renal parenchyma:

usually represents the end result of a chronic process such as chronic glomerulonephritis or polycystic kidney disease that gradually
results in diminished kidney function, but can arise acutely:

a characteristic of renal failure, consisting of retention of urea in the blood and is not toxic, but its blood level correlates with retention of other waste products and is thus a measure of the severity of renal failure:

stones that develop from urine, which can precipitate crystalline materials, especially calcium and its salts:

a large calculus that assumes the shape of the pelvicaliceal junction:

severe pain resulting from movement of stones or acute obstruction that refers along the course of the ureter toward the flank or genital regions:

an obstructive disease of the urinary system that causes a dilation of the renal pelvis and calices with urine:

an acquired abnormality common in adults that may be solitary or multiple and bilateral and is usually asymptomatic and not an impairment to renal function, but can cause symptoms like rupture, hemorrhage, infection or obstruction:

the most common malignant tumor of the kidney arising from the proximal convoluted tubule:

a malignant renal tumor found in children that usually develops before five years of age:

a condition in which painless hematuria is the chief symptom and is common in men and its etiology is related to cigarette smoking and certain industrial chemicals, and a link to excessive coffee drinking is being investigated:

name the three main parts of the hepatobiliary system:

the largest organ in the body, located in the RUQ, held in position by peritoneal ligaments and muscles:

name several of the functions of the liver:

describe the liver's blood supply:

list the parts of the biliary tree:

the common bile duct descends posterior to the ________________ to enter at its _________________.

visualized on a plain radiograph as a hazy radiopacity in the gallbladder:

a semiliquid sludge composed of calcium carbonate mixed with bile in the gallbladder and isž caused from the settling of bile as a result of an obstruction at the neck of the gallbladder:

what are these?
OCG
PTC
Chiba

a chronic condition of the liver in which the liver parenchyma and architecture are destroyed:

the accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity, most commonly due to cirrhosis and severe liver disease:

a common liver condition in which a virus causes acute inflammation of the liver and interferes with the liver’s impaired ability to excrete bilirubin:

žinfectious hepatitis that is excreted in the GI tract in fecal material and is spread by contact with an infected individual, normally through ingestion of contaminated food or water:

a serum hepatitis that is transmitted parenterally in infected serum or blood products:

žviral hepatitis that is caused by a parenterally transmitted RNA virus and accounts for 90% of
the cases of hepatitis that develop after bloood transfusions:

gallstones (about 10% of the population develop them at some point):

small stones that tend to travel into the biliary tree and may result in obstruction:

an acute inflammation of the gallbladder:

žwhen a stone becomes impacted in the small bowel and causes an obstruction and is characterized by air in the biliary ductal system which can be seen on a plain radiograph:

an acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreatic tissue:

a fluid collection caused by pancreatitis:

a žcondition in which an accumulation of excess bile pigments (bilirubin) in the body tissues stains the skin and eyes a yellowish color:

occurs because of hemolytic disease in which too many red blood cells are destroyed or because of liver damage from cirrhosis or hepatitis:

occurs when the biliary system is obstructed and prevents bile form entering the duodenum with a common cause being blockage of the common bile duct caused by stones or masses:

ža benign neoplasm of the liver composed of newly formed blood vessels, and these neoplasms can form in other places within the body, like the brain:

the most common tumor of the liver:

ža primary carcinoma of the liver that is uncommon in the US and in which an association between cirrhosis and hepatoma exists, with alcoholism and poor nutrition associated with each:

žoccurs infrequently, but most neoplasms within the GB are malignant:

results from chronic cholecystitis and is a risk factor for gallbladder carcinoma:

the fifth most common cause of cancer death within the US. that spreads before symptoms occur and is usually rapidly fatal:

know the regions:

though there is a low frequency of positive findings, KUBs are performed to:

describe a few basic positions of structures in a routine KUB:

describe gas/air being viewed in a routine abdomen radiograph:

a procedure that visualizes the internal surfaces of both ends of GI system with the use of lighted instruments with optics to visualize disease of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, rectum and distal colon, and occasionally the terminal ileum:

name some common functions of gastric tubes:

the most common gastric tube:

an instrument placed through the mouth to combat an emergent condition that requires large amounts of gatric contents to be aspirated:

an instrument used for removal of gasric contents (other than a gastric tube):

an instrument that delivers a liquid diet directly to the duodenum or jejunum:

a common radiopaque enteral tube:

two common types of prolonged enteral tube:

an instrument used to remove gas and fluids in the prevention and treatment of abdominal distention:

three types of nasoenteric decompression tubes:

____________ or ____________ may also be
surgically placed in any portion of the GI system.

indicates the tube is placed in the stomach:
indicates the tube is placed in the duodenum:
indicates the tube is placed in the jejunum:

an instrument that is frequently placed endoscopically and provides a direct route for feeding:

a congenital absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ:

a congenital condition in which the esophagus fails to develop past same point:

describe symptoms and occurrences involved with an esophageal atresia:

black tarry stools:

passage of bright red blood in stool:

coughing up blood:

vomiting up blood:

blood in the urine:

nose bleed:

congenital anomaly in which the lumen of the duodenum does not exist and in which a radiograph shows the “double bubble sign”:

a congenital discontinuation of the ileum:

symptoms of ileal atresia:

the congenital failure of development of the distal rectum and anus:

fistulas frequently occur in the _____________ system.

congenital disorder in which there is no anal opening to the exterior:

where is a fistula accompanying an imperforate anus most commonly present in boys vs. girls and in what radiographic position is it best visualized?

a congenital anomaly of the stomach where the pyloric canal leading out of the stomach is narrowed because of hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter:

name the most common indication for surgery in infants, its symptoms, and a radiographic appearance:

a condition in which the intestines are not in their normal location, involving the  large and small intestines:

malrotation of the intestines predisposes the patient to:

a congenital condition in which there is a complete reversal of all abdominal organs:

a condition in which there is an absence of neurons in the bowel's wall, typically in the sigmoid colon:

a sac-like defect located within six feet of the ileocecal valve and is a remnant of a duct connecting the small bowel to the umbilicus in the fetus:

name some symptoms, occurrences, and radiographic appearance for meckel's diverticulum:

a narrowing of the esophagus that causes obstruction to varying degrees depending on the amount of stricture:

name causes and treatment for esophageal stricture:

incompetent cardiac sphincter allowing the backward flow of gastric acid and contents into the esophagus:

areas of mucosal erythema of the esophagus:

areas of esophageal mucosal erythema that extends to less than 2 cm above the normal squamocolumnar junction:

name various treatments and preventative measures taken against esophageal reflux disease (GERD):

an erosion of the mucous membrane of the lower end of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum:

inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and small bowel:

a group of diseases of various causes in which there is interference with normal digestion and absorption of food through the small bowel:

a condition that occurs as a result of sensitivity to the gliadin fraction of gluten, an agent found in wheat and rye products such as bread:

a form of malabsorption syndrome in which the small bowel lacks enough of the enzyme lactase, which is used to digest lactose into simple sugars that can be absorbed:

a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that is typically located in the lower ileum but may be seen anywhere throughout the bowel:

inflammation of the vermiform appendix, resulting from an obstruction caused usually by a fecalith or rarely by a neoplasm:

an inflammatory lesion of the colon mucosa:

abnormally lengthened, dilated superficial veins occurring in the esophagus because of portal hypertension:

describe contrast and position used to best demonstrate esophageal varices:

a protrusion of a loop of bowel through a small opening, usually in the abdominal wall:

a condition that occurs when a bowel loop protrudes through a weakness in the inguinal ring and may descend downward into the scrotum:

a type of hernia that can be pushed back into the abdominal wall:

a herniated loop of bowel that is stuck and cannot be reduced:

a type of hernia where the constriction through which the bowel loop has passed is tight and cuts off blood supply to the bowel:

a weakness of the esophageal hiatus, which permits some portions of the stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity:

a portion of the stomach and gastro esophageal junction are both situation above the diaphragm and schatzki’s ring is often visible:

a condition that consists of a mucosal ring that protrudes into the lumen:

a condition in which a portion of the stomach or adjacent viscera herniates above the diaphragm while the gastro esophageal junction remains below the diaphragm:

a condition in which the entire stomach is located above the diaphragm:

bowel obstructions can involve the large or the small intestine and are classified as (2):

give some aspects of mechanical bowel obstruction:

give some aspects of paralytic ileus or “adynamic ileus”:

causes of paralytic ileus or “adynamic ileus”:

a condition in which a gallstone erodes from the gallbladder and creates a fistula to the small bowel leading to an obstruction, usually when the gallstone reaches the ileocecal valve:

a twisting of a bowel loop about its mesenteric base, usually at either the sigmoid or ileocecal
junction:

give some aspects of a vovulus:

a condition that occurs when a segment of bowel, constricted by peristalsis, telescopes into a distal segment and is driven further into the distal bowel by peristalsis:

a neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus that results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter of the distal esophagus to relax, leading to dysphagia:

a condition that occurs when mucosal outpouchings penetrate through the muscular layer of the esophagus:

an esophageal diverticulm that involves the mucosa only and results from a motility disorder of the esophagus that allows the mucosa to herniate outward:

a pulsion type of diverticulum found at the pharyngoesophageal junction at the upper end of the esophagus:

a pulsion type diverticulum found in the distal esophagus just above the hemi-diaphragm:

a type of diverticulum that involves all layers of the esophagus and results form adjacent scar tissue that pulls the esophagus toward the area of involvement:

the presence of diverticula without inflammation, is seen in all parts of the colon, most frequently in the sigmoid colon, and particularly among the elderly:

inflammation of a diverticulum:

benign smooth muscle tumor of the esophagus:

small masses of tissue arising from the bowel wall to project inward into the lumen:

the second most common cause of cancer mortality:

the most common type of colorectal cancer and is derived from the glandular epithelium of the colon:

a tumor of benign neoplastic epithelium that consists of a saccular projection into the bowel lumen and is either sessile or pedunculated:

attached directly to the bowel wall with a wide base:

attached directly to the bowel by a narrow stalk: