Sound traveling through the vocal tract and radiated beyond the mouth into the atmosphere is known as
Radiation Characteristic
The formant frequencies are related to the volumes of the ____ and ___________ spaces.
oral and pharyngeal spaces
Containers with a larger volume will resonate at a _________ frequency and containers with a smaller volume will resonate at a ________ frequency.
lower; higher
The frequency of F1 is related to the __________ of the _____________ cavity as well as how tightly the vocal tract is constricted.
volume; pharyngeal
F2 frequency is related to the _________ of the ___________ cavity.
length; oral
F1 and F2 of different vowels vary systematically depending on tongue __________ and _____________.
Height and advancement
Do adult females have a longer or shorter vocal tract than adult males?
shorter
A woman's vocal tract would resonate (higher or lower) frequencies than a man's?
higher
True or False: Each vowel is characterized by a different pattern of formants.
true
True or False: shaping of the vocal tract in order to generate particular formants is essentially dependent on vocal fold vibration.
False-it is independent of vocal fold vibration
It is the rate of vocal fold vibration that gives rise to the __ of the sound.
F0 or fundamental frequency
The faster you vibrate your vocal folds the (higher or lower) the F0 is.
higher
(vowels or consonants) are classified chiefly by the relationship among the first three formants?
vowels
Name the 3 changes in the vocal tract that our articulators can manipulate to change formant frequencies.
1. overall length of the vocal tract
2. the location of a constriction
3. the degree of constriction
Constrictions in the vocal tract can result in a (lowering or raising) or the F1.
lowering
There is an inverse relationship between F1 frequency and tongue height.
The higher the tongue position, the _____ the F1 frequency.
The lower the tongue position, the ______ the F1 frequency.
lower; higher
A high tongue position (increases or decreases) the volume of the pharyngeal cavity and responds more strongly to (higher or lower) frequencies in the glottal sound wave.
increases; lower
A low tongue position (increases or decreases) the volume of the oral cavity in front of the tongue constriction and (increases or decreases) the pharyngeal space.
increases; decreases
High vowels = ______ F0
Low vowels = ______ F0
low; high
F2 is related to the length of the _____ cavity, that is the space in front of the tongue constriction for the vowel.
Oral
The longer the oral cavity is, the (lower or higher) the frequencies to which it will resonate most effectively.
lower
What is the name of the type of graph used to show formant information?
F1/F2 Plot or vowel space
__________ is a method of identifying frequency, amplitude, and duration of sounds.
Spectography
On a spectrogram, frequency is displayed on the (horizontal/vertical) axis and time is represented on the (horizontal/vertical) axis.
frequency = vertical
time = horizontal
On a spectrogram, intensity of acoustic energy is represented by the ________ of the trace on the screen.
darkness
What type of sound (vowel or consonant) is represented spectrographically by the first three formants?
vowels
T/F Diphthongs are resonant periodic sounds characterized by their first three formants on a spectrogam.
true
Shifts in frequency during a diphthong are called _________ ___________.
formant transitions
T/F Glides are sometimes called semivowels and belong to a class of sounds called sonorants.
true
Sonorants are always (voiced/voiceless) and the airflow in this kind of sound is not completely smooth and laminar, but neither is it turbulent.
voiced
T/F The liquids are also sonorant sounds.
True
T/F The liquids are made with changing tongue motion.
false
If a sound has an "r-coloringing" to it, we say that sound is _______.
rhotic/rhotacized
What is the major sound source for stops?
A) vocal fold vibration
B) pressurized air forcefully exiting the oral cavity
B) pressurized air forcefully exiting the oral cavity
On a spectrogram, the _______ ___ reflects the timing during which the articulators are forming the blockage and Poral is building up.
A) silent gap
On a spectrogram, the band of low-frequency energy that is sometimes seen in voiced stops is called the ________ ________.
voice bar
The feature on a spectrogram following the silent gap and is a burst of aperiodic sound is the _______ ______.
A) release burst
T/F Bursts are usually seen for stops in initial and medial position, but may not occur in final position.
T
final stops in English tend to be unreleased.
T/F Bilabial stops tend to show a concentrated spectrum, with energy spread out over a narrow range of frequencies and more energy in the lower frequencies than in the higher.
False-they tend to show a diffuse spectrum with energy spread out over a wide range of frequencies.
T/F Alveolars have a diffuse spectrum while velars are compact with energy concentrated in a relatively narrow frequency region.
true
T/F The bursts of voiceless stops are shorter in duration than those of voiced stops.
false-they are longer in duration
____________ refers to noise generated by turbulence as air moves through the glottis during the time in which the vocal folds are starting to close for the following voiced sound.
aspiration
The turbulent air moving through the glottis delays vocal fold closure, resulting in a longer burst.
_______ _______ _______ refers to the time between the release of the articulatory blockage to the beginning of vocal fold vibration for the following vowel.
A) Voice onset time
T/F VOT measurements are commonly taken as an indication of the coordination between the laryngeal and articulatory systems.
True
When the vocal folds are vibrating before the articulatory release takes place, it is called
B) previocing VOT lead
When the voice onset and articulatory release occur at the same time, it is called
B) VOT of zero
When the onset of vocal fold vibration follows shortly after the release burst, it is called
D) short lag
When vocal fold vibration is delayed for a relatively long time after the articulatory release, it is called
B) long lag
this is typical of voiceless stops!
T/F Bilabials have the longest VOTs, alveolars have intermediate VOTs, and velars have the shortest VOTs.
F
Bilabials have the shortest and velars have the longest VOTs
This class of sound is produced when pressurized air becomes turbulent, resulting in random variations in air pressure.
fricative
The acoustic result of turbulent air flow is called _________ and it sounds like hissing.
frication
_______ ________ is aperiodic sound that has its energy distributed fairly evenly throughout the spectrum.
white noise
This class of sound is made by combining a stop with a fricative.
affricates
This class of sounds is created by lowering the velum.
nasals
The coupling of the oral and nasal cavities introduces antiresonances or ____________.
antiformants
An extra formant that is introduced when the oral and nasal cavities are coupled is called the _________ __________ or nasal murmur.
nasal formant
Bands of frequencies in which the acoustic energy has been damped are called ___________.
antiformants
T/F An antiformant attenuates frequencies within its bandwidth and amplifies those outside its bandwidth.
true
T/F Nasals have both formants and antiformants in their spectrum making them acoustically very complex sounds.
True
Which is more intense: nasal formants or antiformants?
nasal formants
T/F Nasal formants or nasal murmurs are caused by a blockage in the oral cavity and the lowering of the velum.
true
As sounds are produced to form words, individual segments influence each other and modify the acoustic characteristics of the resulting sounds. This is known as ________________.
coarticulation
During speech, changes in pitch, intensity, rate, and other factors are features known as ________________.
suprasegmentals
When thinking about coarticulation, an upcoming sound can influence the preceding sound is known as _____________ ____________.
backward coarticulation
When thinking about coarticulation, when preceding sounds modify the following sounds, it is known as _________ _____________.
anticipatory coarticulation
List the 3 primary suprasegmental features of speech.
intonation, duration, and stress
__________ refers to the way in which speakers vary their F0 levels to signal linguistic aspects of speech, such as the type of utterance (statment, question, exclamation).
intonation
T/F F0 contour and pitch contour both refer to the variation in F0 levels.
true
A theory as to why speakers drop their F0 at the ends of sentences is based on ________ __________.
breath groups
A ________ _________ refers to a phrase or sentence that is produced on one exhalation.
breath group
______ involves varying the frequency, intensity, and duration of a syllable or word in a way that highlights a particular portion of the utterance.
stress
The term _________ _________ is used the the formant patterns of a vowel become neutralized.
vowel reduction
T/F Vowel reduction is rare in individuals with communication disorders due to deafness, neurological problems, and other causes.
False-it is commong in that population
__________ refers to the length of time of a speech sound.
