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The phonatory system is comprised of the
larynx
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phonation process involves
air pressures and flows and muscular and elastic properties of the vocal folds
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the vocal mechanism includes
laryngeal skeleton plus joints, three pairs of folds and intrinstic and extrinsic muscles
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the laryngeal skeleton is made up of how many bones and cartilages?
1 bone, nine cartilages
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of the nine cartilages, how many paired and unpaired?
6 paired and 3 unpaired
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which cartilages are unpaired
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
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paired cartilages
aryteniods, corniculates, cuniforms
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the cartilaginous framework of the larynx is suspended from the
hyiod bone
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the small u shaped bone from which the tongue is attached
hyiod
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the larynx is suspended from the hyiod bone via this membrane
hyothyriod membrane
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the hyiod bone consists of
the body in the front and the major and minor horns
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the long sides of the hyiod that forms the u shape are
the major horns
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projecting upward from each major horn if the hyiod are
the minor horns
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inferior to the hyiod bone is
the thyriod cartilage
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the largest cartilage of the larynx
thyriod
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the thyriod cartilage is formed by
two plates of laminae that are fused at the front
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the fusion of the cartilage plates of the thyriod is more acute in what sex?
we know this protrusion as the
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the small v shaped notch at the top of the thyriod
thyriod notch
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what projections connect the thyriod to the hyiod bone
the superior horns via liagments
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two projections that shoot downward from the thyriod are the
these articulate with the
- inferior horns
- sides of the cricoid cartilage
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the posterior reigon of the thyroid is
open
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the vocal folds are attached to the inner surface of the?
where at?
what is this called?
- thyriod
- just below the thyroid notch
- anterior commissure
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the quadrate lamina is part of the
cricoid
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the cricoid is loacted
inferior to thyroid and superior to the first ring of the trachea
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what runs between the inferioe margin of the cricoid and the superior margin of the first tracheal ring
the cricotracheal membrane
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a broad unpaired cartilage shaped like a leaf
epiglottis
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the epiglottis is attached to what structures?
where?
via?
to the inner surface of the thyriod cartilage just below the thyriod notch via the thyroepiglottic ligament and to the bodyof the hyoid via the hyoepiglottic ligament
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this acts as a bridge during swallow folding over the larynx
epiglottis
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what are located on the superior surface of thequadrate lamina of the cricoid
aryteniods
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these are pyramidal in shape
arytenoids
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what projections extend from the base of the arytenoids
vocal process and muscular process
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these play an important role in phonation as the folds are attached to the vocal process
arytenoids
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cartilages that do not appear to play important role in phonation
corniculates and cuneiforms
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located at the apex of the arytenoids
corniculates
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which cartilages may not be present in all people?
corniculates
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small elastic cartilages embedded in the aryepiglottic folds
cuneiforms
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primary function of the cuneiforms
stiffen the aryepiglottic folds
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the cricoaryteniod joints are formed by
articulation between the base of each arytenoid and the superior surface of the quadrate lamina of the cricoid
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the cricoarytenoid joints are ______ allowing ??
diathrodial allowing a wide range of motion of the arytenoids
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when the muscular processes of the vocal process move anterolaterally, the folds
move to midline and adduct
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when the muscles of the vocal process move posteriorly the folds
become separated and abduct
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which joints are instrumental in vocal fold adduction and abduction
cricoarytenoid joints
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joints located between inferior horn of the thyroid and sides of the cricoid cartilage
cricothyroid joints
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function of the cricothyroid joints
what does this affect?
- allow thyroid to tilt downward toward arch of the cricoid or the cricoid to tilt upward
- when this happens, it increases distance between thyroid and arytenoids strectching the folds and tensing resulting in higher Fo
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the main agents of pitch in the voice
cricothyroid joints
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a hollow tube with 3 sets of valves inside that open and close
larynx
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the three sets of folds
aryepiglottic folds, false or ventricular, and true
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most superior foldsa
aryepiglottic
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these run from the sidesof the epiglottis to the apex of the arytenoids
aryepiglottic folds
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pulls the epiglottis backward and helps close the larynx
aryepiglottic folds
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middle folds
false or ventricular
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folds with limited movement
false or ventricular
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these remain open during phonation and close only under pathilogical conditions
false or ventricular folds
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space between the false and true folds
larygeal ventricle
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this secreates mucus to moisten larynx
laryngeal ventricle
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most complex laryngeal valves
true folds
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vocal folds consist of how many layers?
five
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layers of the true folds
thryroarytenoid muscle, threee layers of mucus membrane surrounding the muscle, and a layer of epithelium covering mucus membrane
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outter most layer of the vocal folds
epithilium
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the three layers of mucus membrane are called?
lamina propria
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the superficial layer of the lamina propria is known as?
its made up of?
this makes it?
- reinkes space
- elastic fibers=high degree of pliability
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intermediate layer of lamina propria is made of
elastic fibers
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the 3rd layer of lamina propria
deep layer made up of collagen and is less flexible
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main mass of the vocal folds
thyroarytenoid muscle
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the five layers of the folds have been classified by?
this is known as the?
- stiffness
- cover body model
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resistance of a structur being displpaced
stiffness
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ease in which a body can be displaced
compliance
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the cover consists of the
epithelium and superficial layer of lamina propria
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this encompasses the intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria
the transition or vocal ligament
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the structural complexity of the folds give rise to a sound wave that is
acoustically complex which results in a rich resonant voice
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space between the true folds
glottis
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divisions of the glottis
membranous glotts and cartilaginous
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this forms the anterior three fifths of the entire length of the glottis
membranous glottis
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the vocal process forms the lateral edges of?
which account for the posterior two fifths of the glottis
cartilaginous glottis
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the membranous glottis is about ____ in males and ____ in females
15mm and 12mm
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for quietbreathing the glottis is
open in the paramedian position
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the glottis is open more widely when?
this is known as?
- needing more air such as in exercise
- forced abduction
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for phoation, the glottis is
closed with the vocal folds in the median position
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whispering is producted wth
the membranous glottis closed and cartilaginous open
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muscles of the larynx are divided into
intrinsic and extrinsic
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the strap muscles are aka
extrinsic muscles
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the extrinsic muscles have ____ of attachement to the ______ either at the ____ or _____, and to a __________
- one
- larynx
- hyoid or another laryngeal cartilage
- structure outside the larynx such as sternum or cranium
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the extrinsic muscles are subdivided into
infrahyoid and suprahyoid
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these have their external attachment point at structures below the hyoid including the sternum and scapula
infrahyoids
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these have their attachments one point above the hyoid including the mandible and temporal bone
suprahyoids
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then the infrahyoids contract, they pull the entire larynx
down
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contraction of the suprahyoids pulls the _____ which way?
the entire larynx up
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the large up and down movements of the larynx are due to the_____ and ______ and only occur when?
infrahyoids and suprahyoids during swallow
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there are how many intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
5
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the origin and insertion of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
inside larynx
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2 of the 5 intrinsic muscles
adduct the folds
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how many muscles abduct the folds
1
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how many muscles elongate and tense the folds
1
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how many muscles form the main body of the folds
1
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