belonging to a period of history that is thousands of years in the past
associated (with)
"if one thing is associated with another
attack
to use violence to try to hit or kill sb
attitude
the way that you think and feel about sb/sth
audience
the group of people who have gathered to watch or listen to sth
average
"ordinary
aware (of)
"knowing
background
"the part of a picture
battle
"a fight between armies
box-office success
a film that many people have been to see
break up
to separate into smaller pieces
"(broke
broken)"
breakthrough
an important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement
breathtaking
"very exciting
budget
the money that is available to a person or an organisation in order to do sth
cast
all the people who act in a play or film
combination
two or more things joined
comment
expressing an opinion about sth
concentration
the ability to direct your attention towards one thing
consist (of)
"to be made up of
construct
"to build a road
corridor
a long narrow passage in a building
create
to make sth happen or exist
crew
a group of people with special skills working together
demonstrate
to show and explain how sth works or how to do sth
detail
the small facts or features of sth
determined
"having a strong desire to do sth
do (sth) for a living
do to earn the money to pay your expenses
documentary
a film or TV programme giving facts about sth
"draw a conclusion (drew
drawn)"
end up
to find yourself in a place/situation that you do not want to be in
epic
"a long film or book that contains a lot of action
epic-scale
large-scale
feature film
"the main film you go to see at the cinema
figure
the shape of a person
find out
"to get some information about sth/sb by asking
"(found
found)"
flat
"a set of rooms for living in
fool
to trick sb into believing sth that is not true
frequently
very often
generate
to produce or create sth
generous
ready to give or share things with other people
get involved in (sth)
to give a lot of time or attention to sb/sth
get rid of
to throw sth away
gist
the main or general meaning of a piece of writing
guy
(informal) a man
handful (of)
a small number of people or things
hey presto
people sometimes say 'hey presto' when they have just done sth so quickly and easily that it seems to have been done by magic
highlight
to emphasise
hill
"an area of land that is higher than the land around it
image
"a picture of sb/sth seen in a mirror
imagination
the ability to create pictures in your mind
impact (on)
the powerful effect that sth has on sb/sth
important
of great value
impression
an opinion
in their own right
because of their own merit or value
inexpensive
not costing a lot of money
instantly
immediately
landscape
everything you can see when you look across a large area of land
logistic
that is connected to the organisation necessary to make a complicated plan successful
luxurious
very comfortable and expensive
manipulation
connected with the ability to handle objects skilfully
mark
to be a sign that sth new is going to happen
match
"to be equal
matter
to be important or have an important effect on sb/sth
meanwhile
in the period of time between two times or two events
multiply
to increase or make sth increase very much in number or amount
notice
to see or hear sb/sth; to become aware of sb/sth
on the part of
made or done by somebody
option
sth that you can choose to have or do
ordinary
"normal
outdo
to do more or better than sb else
"(outdid
outdone)"
passionately
in a way that shows strong feelings of enthusiasm for sth or belief in sth
pick
to choose
plug (sth) into
to connect a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity or to another piece of electrical equipment
position
the way in which sb is sitting or standing
practically
"almost
produce
"to be in charge of preparing a film
promotion
advertising used to increase the sales of a product
publicity
attention from the media
quality
how good or bad sth is
recognisable
easy to identify
red tape
official rules that seem more complicated than necessary and prevent things from being done quickly
require
to need
revolution (in)
"a great change in conditions
reward
a thing that you are given because you have done sth good or worked hard
satisfying
giving pleasure
scene
"a part of a film
search (for)
to look for
shade
"the dark areas in a picture
shoot
to make a film or photograph of sth
"(shot
shot)"
skilled
"having enough ability
socialise (with)
to go out with people and have fun
soldier
"a member of an army
special effects
"unusual or exciting pieces of action in films or TV programmes
speed
the rate at which sb/sth moves or travels
speed up
to make sth move or happen faster
strange
unusual or surprising
suggest
"to state sth indirectly
suitable
right for a particular purpose
take up
to use time or space for an activity
"(took
taken)"
time-consuming
taking a lot of time
tool
a thing that helps you to do your job or to achieve sth
traditional
following older methods and ideas rather than modern or different ones
triumph
"a great success
unwilling
not wanting to do sth and refusing to do it
variety
a number of different types of the same thing
visual effects
"unusual or exciting pictures
vivid
"(of s's imagination) able to form pictures of ideas
whole
"full
wire
a piece of metal in the form of thin thread that is used to carry an electric current or signal
work
to have the result or effect you want
a long way
far away
a night out
an evening that you spend enjoying yourself away from home
appropriate
"suitable
be in the way
to block or stop sb from moving or doing sth
break the bank
spend more money than you can afford
by the way
phrase used for adding sth to the conversation
complaint
the act of stating reasons for not being satisfied with sth
excited
feeling or showing happiness and enthusiasm
find your way
to find the right route to a place
get by
to manage to live using the money you have
"(got
got)"
get my own way
"to get or do what you want
give (sb) a ring
to phone sb
go out of my way
to make a special effort to do sth
host family
a family that has people staying at their house
ignore
to deliberately pay no attention to sth you know about
let (sb) know
"inform sb
look forward to
to be thinking with pleasure about sth that is going to happen
make (sb) feel at home
to make sb feel comfortable
mention
to write or speak about sth without giving much information
on my way
during the journey
request
to ask for sth in a polite way
sights
interesting places in a town or city
similar
like sb/sth but not exactly the same
vegetarian
a person who does not eat meat or fish
wait around
"to wait without doing very much
waste
to use more of sth than necessary
apparently
it seems to be
atmosphere
the feeling or mood that you have in a particular place or situation
attention
"special care
blanket
a large woollen cover for a bed
care
the process of caring for sb/sth and providing what they need
consider
to think about sth carefully
development
a new event or stage that is likely to affect what happens in a continuing situation
due (to)
arranged or expected
exhausted
very tired
flatmate
a person who shares a flat with someone else
focus (on)
to give attention to one particular thing or subject
generation
a stage in the development of a product
give (sb) a lift
to take sb to a place by car
go to the trouble
to try hard to help sb
hand in
to give sth to sb in authority
hold
to carry sth
"(held
held)"
hug
to put your arms around sb and hold them tightly
interact
"to communicate with sb
laptop
a small computer that can work with a battery and be easily carried
library
"a building in which collections of books
lie-in
when you stay in bed longer than normal in the morning
manner
the way that sth is done or happens
move in
to start to live in your new home
move over
to change your position in order to make room for sb
nursery
a place where small children are cared for while their parents are at work
observe
"to watch sb/sth carefully
old-fashioned
traditional
pet
"an animal
point out
to make sth clear to sb
practice
doing an activity regularly so that you can improve your skill
prove
to show that sth is true
prove to be
be discovered that it is
recommend
to tell sb that sth is good and that they should try it
regard
"to think of sth
role
"the function or position that sb has or is expected to have in an organization
speech
the ability to speak
substitute (for)
a person or thing that you use instead of the one you normally use
timing
the act of choosing when sth happens
toddler
a young child who has just learnt to walk
tool
a thing that helps you to do your job or to achieve sth
treat
to behave in a particular way towards sb/sth
trip
to catch your foot on sth and fall or almost fall
upset
"worried
adjust (to)
to get used to a new situation
advertisement
"a notice
approach
to come near
arch
a curved structure
at one stage
sometime in the past
author
writer
available
sth that you can find or buy
behave
to do things in a particular way
bitter
angry and unhappy
booking
an arrangement you make in advance to buy a ticket or travel somewhere
border
the line that divides one country from another country
bread bin
a container for bread
ca't get your head around
find sth difficult to understand
celebrity
a famous person
charge
the money that you pay for goods or a service
command
an order
company
a business
concerned (about)
worried about sth
courage
the ability to do sth dangerous and not feel afraid
craft
a boat or ship
craftsman
a skilled person who makes sth by hand
customs
the place at a port or airport where your luggage is checked
declaration
an official or formal statement
delivery
taking goods to the people who have ordered them
demand
the need of customers for goods or services
destination
the place you are travelling to
doorway
the opening where a door fits
effect
result
effortlessly
needing little or no effort
elegant
"designed well
employee
a person who is paid to work for a company
enable
to give sb a way of doing sth
enquire
to ask for information
expectation
a belief that sth will happen because it is likely
extract
a short passage from a book
facilities
services or equipment provided for a particular purpose
fair enough
used to say that an idea or suggestion seems reasonable
feature
"an important
fill in
to complete a form with information
flight of stairs
a series of steps between two floors
general public
people in general
get across
to communicate sth and be understood
"(got
got)"
go through
"to experience
"(went
been)"
handle
to control a vehicle/machine/tool
have (sth) to spare
to have more than you need of sth
honestly
"used to emphasise that what you are saying is true
in the way of
used to talk about the types of sth that are available
invest (in)
to spend money on sth which you believe will make a profit
keep to
to continue doing or using sth and not want to change it
landing
when an aeroplane touches the ground
leaflet
one or a few printed pages given free of charge to advertise or give information about sth
long-haul flight
a long-distance flight
maid
a female servant
make it
to be successful in your career
mind
"to be upset
minimise
to reduce the effect of sth
miss
to fail to do or have sth
misunderstood
having qualities that people do not see or fully understand
move house
to change the place where you live
nervous
"anxious
obstacle
sth that makes it difficult for you to achieve sth
official
a person who is in a position of authority in a large organisation
on board
on or in a ship/train/plane
operator
a person in charge of a telephone system
originally
"at the beginning
outstanding
"excellent
parcel
something that is wrapped in paper so that it can be sent by mail or given as a present
passenger
"a person who is travelling in a car
perfectly
completely
pleasure
a feeling of being happy
previous
happening before the event you are talking about
property
land and buildings
provide
"to give sth
put forward
to suggest an idea
quarters
"rooms that are provided for soldiers
query
"to ask a question/questions
questionnaire
a written list of questions that people answer so that you can get information about their opinion
railing
a fence made of metal bars
recover
to get well again after an illness
reference number
a number that shows where sb can find a piece of information
rental
arrangement to rent sth
resident
person who lives in a particular place
roll
a small round loaf of bread for one person
routine
the normal order and way in which you regularly do things
run to schedule
happen according to an official timetable
senior worker
a worker higher in rank or status than others
series
"a number of
servant
"a person who cleans
signature
your name as you usually write it at the end of a letter
soak
to leave sth in a liquid for some time to get wet
space
empty area or area available for use
stand up for
to say sth to show that you support sth/sb
"(stood
stood)"
standard
"a level of quality
starve
to suffer or die because of lack of food
step
"a surface where you put your foot when you go up to a different level of a structure
suit
to be convenient or useful
survey
an investigation of the behaviour or opinions of a group of people
take into consideration
to think about sth when you make a decision
take it easy
be cool and not get upset or stressed
take its toll (on)
to cause a lot of damage
take part in
to participate in
terminal
a set of buildings at an airport
the dizzy heights of fame
an important position
the nerve
the courage to do sth
undo
to open sth that is fastened or tied with buttons or a zip
"(undid
undone)"
unpack
to take things out of a suitcase
unwind
"to stop worrying
"(unwound
unwound)"
valuable
worth a lot of money
work out
"to calculate
candidate
a person taking an exam
environmental
"connected with the natural conditions in which people
examiner
a person who writes or asks the questions in an exam
expand (on)
"to add details
improve
to become better than before
last
to continue for a particular period of time
neighbourhood
a district or an area of a town
surf the internet
to use the internet
take a deep breath
to take a lot of air in through your mouth and nose
unsuitable
not right for a particular purpose
a great deal
"much
air (of)
feeling or impression that is given by sb/sth
alien
"strange
appear
to be written or mentioned somewhere
aspire
"to have a strong desire to become sth
bilingual
speaking two languages very well
bother
"to annoy
canteen
"a place in a school
claim
"to say that sth is true
coexistence
the state of being together in the same place at the same time
complexity
being difficult to understand
concede
to admit that sth is true
crash course
"a short course of lessons
creep into
to begin to happen
"(crept
crept)"
custom
an accepted way of behaving or of doing things in a society
dawn on
to begin to realise sth for the first time
develop
"to gradually grow or become bigger
docks
the part of the port where goods are loaded onto ships
drift
to move along slowly in water or air
expect
to think or believe that sth will happen
fade
to become less bright
farmyard
an area that is surrounded by farm buildings
fashion
"a popular way of behaving
fit
to be the right shape or size
gain
to get sth
gas pedal(NAmE)
the pedal you press to control the speed of a vehicle; BrE =accelerator
genuine
"authentic
glance
to look quickly at sth
gleaming
shining
hastily
"said
hint
sth that suggests what will happen
hitch
a small problem
home-brewed cider
an alcoholic drink made of apples that is made at home
immerse
to involve yourself completely in sth
iron
"to make clothes
meticulously
"very carefully
minor
not serious or important
misbehaving
behaving badly
never mind
used to suggest that sth is not important so one should't worry or be upset
newsroom
the room at a newspaper office where news is received and prepared for printing
not all it is cracked up to be
not as good as people think or expected
obscurity
the state in which sb/sth has been forgotten
occupy
to take up a lot of space or time
ordeal
very difficult experience
pathos
the power of description which produces feelings of sadness or pity
patisserie
(from French) a shop that sells cakes
peaceful
"quiet
picturesque
"pretty
polish
to make shiny
press
"to iron
progressively
steadily and continuously
properly
in a way that is correct or appropriate
proximity
being near sb or sth
purchase
sth which you have bought
quayside
"a platform where boats come in to load
realise
to manage to do sth important
reasonable
sensible
relief
the feeling of happiness that you have when sth unpleasant stops or does not happen
remain
to be left
remove
to take sth/sb away from a place
replacement
sth or sb who takes the place of sth or sb else
resemble
to look or be like sb
roar
"to make a very loud
roast
cooked in an oven or over a fire
rural
connected with the countryside
(s's) mind boggles
"sth is so unbelievable that you find it hard to believe
sheepishly
in a very embarrassed way
shout
to speak loudly or angrily to sb
shrink
to become smaller
"(shrank
shrunk)"
sigh
an act or the sound of taking and then letting out a long deep breath
stare
to look at sb or sth for a long time
steam away from
to move away from a place on a boat
subtract
(in Mathematics) to take a number away
suffice
to be enough for sth
superiority
"being better
suspicion
"a feeling sth is wrong
tactfully
in a careful way so that nobody gets annoyed or upset
take after
to look like an older person in your family
"(took
taken)"
take away
"to remove
"(took
taken)"
take in
to understand what you see or hear
"(took
taken)"
take over
to gain control of a company
"(took
taken)"
take up
to use time or space for an activity
"(took
taken)"
tap
a light hit
the point of no return
"the time when you must continue with what you have decided to do
tractor
"a powerful motor vehicle with two large and two smaller wheels
turn into
"to transform
unfamiliar
that you do not know or recognise
very
used to emphasise that you are talking about a particular thing or person and not about another
wellies
long rubber boots that you wear to walk through water or mud
work experience
"a period of time that a young person
a rough idea
a general idea
accommodation
"a place to live
accompany
to go somewhere with sb
allow
to let sb do sth
as far as (sth) is concerned
as regards
attend
"to be present somewhere
besides this
apart from this
coach
a comfortable bus for long journeys
competition
an event in which people compete with each other to find out who is the best at sth
conference
a large official meeting
congratulate (on)
tell sb that you are pleased because he/she has achieved sth
contribution
money given to an organization to help pay for sth
convinced
completely sure about sth
deadline
date before which sth must be finished
delegate
a person elected to represent a group of people
delighted
very pleased
encourage
to give support or confidence to sb
entitle
to give a book a title
entry
"painting
event
a planned public or social occasion
expenses paid
"without having to pay yourself
finance
to give the money to pay for sth
get benefit (from)
to get an advantage from sth
grateful
showing thanks to sb
head teacher
a teacher who is in charge of a school
in addition
used when you want to mention another person or thing after sth else
indication
a sign that shows that sth is happening
input material
information given
join
to become a member of sth
judge
to form an opinion about sb or sth
panel
a group of experts who give their advice
participate (in)
to take part in an activity
prize
sth given to sb who is a winner
rush
to make sth move faster
(sth) takes it out of you
(sth) tires you a lot
take advantage of
to use well
take care of
"to look after
take place
to happen
take shape
to develop well
takes time
"cannot be done quickly
"(took
taken)"
transactional letter
a letter that requires action on the part of the recipient
venue
the place where an event takes place
academic
a person who teaches or does research at a university
according to
"as stated
Arabic
the language spoken by millions of people in North Africa and the Middle East
conduct
to organise and do sth
context
the words that come just before and after a word or phrase and help you to understand its meaning
count
an act of counting to find the total number of sth
count
to be important
culture
"the customs and beliefs
endangered
that may soon no longer exist
fact
a thing that is true rather than something that has been invented
field trip
"a journey made by a group of people
half term
a short holiday in the middle of each term
Hindi
the language spoken by millions of people in India
imply
to suggest that sth is true
investigate
to find out information and facts about a subject or problem by study or research
keep a record of
to keep a written account of sth
"(kept
kept)"
likely (to)
probable or expected
make sense
to have a meaning that you can easily understand
native speaker
a person who speaks a language as their first language
range
to include a variety of things
recently
not long ago
regularly
at regular intervals or times
research
a careful study of a subject
scientific
connected with science
shortage
situation when there is't enough of sth that is needed
slim chance
a small possibility of sth happening
storehouse
building where things are stored
survival
"continuing to live despite danger
the globe
the world
timetable
a list showing the times at which particular events will happen
transfer
to move from one place to another
transmit
to pass sth from one person to another
absolutely
without any doubt
aim
the purpose of doing sth
appealing
"attractive
at the end of the day
used to introduce the most important fact after everything has been considered
attraction
an interesting place to visit
burst into tears
to suddenly start crying a lot
carry out
to do and complete a task
community
a group of people who share a common interest
consideration
something that must be thought about when you are planning or deciding sth
creature
a living thing
delicate
easily damaged or broken
downside
disadvantage
employment
work done to earn money
fund
"to provide money for sth
grab
to take sth in a hurry or violently
in the hope of
because you want sth to happen
incredible
"impossible to believe
industry
"the people and activities involved in producing a particular thing
knock-on
causing other events to happen one after another in a series
let go
to allow sb/sth to be free
limit
to stop sth from increasing
marine
connected with the sea
measures
official actions done to achieve sth
outshine
to be more impressive than sb/sth
"(outshone
outshone)"
paraphrase
to express sth in different words
pencil in
to make a note of sth that might need to be changed
point of view
a particular way of considering or judging a situation
proportions
"measurement of sth
raise money
"to collect money
respect
to be careful about sth
sideline
sth you do apart from your normal job in order to earn extra money
source
the place where sth comes from
tour operator
a person or company that organises tours
turn out (to be)
to prove to be
volunteer
a person who does a job without being paid for it
wildlife
"animals
briefly
in a few words
media
the main ways that large numbers of people receive information and entertainment
outdoor
"used
refer to
"to send or use sth for help
response
an answer to sth
the long turn
this is the name of the task you will need to perform in the Speaking exam ? you have to speak for one minute about two photos that the examiner will show you
achievement
"a thing that sb has done successfully
acrobatics
difficult acts or movements with the body
admission
money that you pay to go into a building or to an event
adopt
to take a child into your family as your own child
agent
a person who is used by a government to find out secret information about other countries or governments
celebration
a special event that people organise in order to show that a day or an event is important
chase
"to run
circus
"a group of entertainers
close up
very near
coaster
a ride at a fairground that goes up and down very steep slopes and that people ride on for fun and excitement
complex
a group of buildings of a similar type together in one place
conservation
the protection of the natural environment
corps
a group of people involved in a particular job or activity
cover
to provide enough money for sth
dine
to eat dinner
discovery
an act or the process of finding sb/sth not known before
dismiss
to officially remove sb from their job
disturbance
a situation in which people behave violently in a public place
donation
something that is given to a person or an organisation such as a charity
dress up
to put on special clothes to pretend to be sb/sth different
embark on
to start to do sth new or difficult
encounter
a sudden or unexpected meeting
entertainment
amusement
entire
used to emphasise that the whole of sth is involved
exotic
exciting and unusual because it is connected with foreign countries
far and wide
everywhere
festivities
the activities that are organised to celebrate a special event
floorless
without a floor
foundation
an organisation that is established to provide money for a particular purpose
fun-loving
liking to enjoy themselves
get through
to manage to do or complete sth
"(got
got)"
gourmet
of high quality and often expensive
headquarters
a place from which an organisation is controlled
height
the measurement of how tall a person or thing is
high-tech ride
a large machine of the latest technology at an amusement park
hit
a thing that is very popular
huge
extremely large
impressive
making you feel admiration
in the open air
happening outside rather than inside a building
inhabit
to live in a particular place
jaw-dropping
very surprising; impressive; making you feel respect and admiration
kick (sb) out of
to make sb leave or go away
kick myself
to be annoyed with myself because I have done sth stupid
kick off
to start
kick up a fuss
to complain loudly about sth
kid
child
killer whale
a small black and white whale that eats meat
launch
"the action of sending a spacecraft
leading
most important or most successful
line-up
a set of items or events arranged to follow one another
located
"if sth is located in a particular place
manage
"to succeed in doing sth
masses (of)
a large number or amount of sth
massive
"very large
nail-biting
making you feel very excited or anxious because you do not know what is going to happen
numerous
existing in large numbers
opportunity
a chance; a time when it is possible to achieve sth
perform
"to entertain an audience by playing a piece of music
pet
to move your hand gently over an animal or a child in a kind and loving way
protest
"to say or do sth to show that you disagree with or disapprove of sth
queue
a line of people waiting for sth or to do sth
rescue
the act of saving sb/sth from a dangerous or difficult situation
restriction (on)
limitation
reveal
to make sth known to sb
sea lion
a large seal that is found on the shores of the Pacific Ocean
secret
something that is known about by only a few people and not told to others
session
a period of time that is spent doing a particular activity
shelter
a safe place for sb
shuttle
a spacecraft designed to be used for travelling between the earth and a space station
simulator
a piece of equipment that artificially creates a particular set of conditions so that sb may experience sth that seems real
sloth
a South American animal that lives in trees and moves very slowly
spin
to turn or make sth turn round and round quickly
star
the best of a group
steel
a strong hard metal that is made of a mixture of iron and carbon
stingray
a kind of flat sea fish with a long tail
storey
a level of a building
straight through
from one end or side of sth to the other
tend (to be)
to be likely
terrifying
extremely frightening
the sk's the limit
there is no limit to what sb can achieve
theme park
"a large park where people go to enjoy themselves
townspeople
people who live in a particular town
trainee
a person who is being taught how to do a particular job
trek
a long hard walk
trick
a clever action that sb performs as a way of entertaining people
ultimate
"most extreme
unique
very special or unusual
uplifting
making you feel happier or more hopeful
vacation
American English for ?holiday?
vehicle
sth that transports people from one place to another
warn
"to tell sb about sth
wet
"covered with or containing liquid
whether
used to express a doubt or choice between two possibilities
wildlife refuge
a place that provides shelter or protection for wild animals
announcement
a spoken or written statement that informs people about sth
approachable
"friendly and easy to talk to
awful
"very bad
background music
the music used in a film
charming
"very pleasant
despite
even though
drop out
to leave school or university without finishing your studies
even though
in spite of what has happened
film set
a place where a movie is filmed
go blank
to have no pictures
"(went
gone)"
in order that
so that sth can happen
in spite of
even though
introduce
to tell two or more people who have not met before what each othe's names are
issue
one of a regular series of magazines or newspapers
moreover
in addition
nevertheless
in spite of sth you have mentioned
new release
a film that has just been made available to the public
physical
"with the body
publish
"to print a letter
reputation
the opinion people have about sb
screen
"the flat surface at the front of a television or computer
soap opera
"a story about the lives of a group of people
stunt
dangerous act in a film
terrific
"great
trailer
"a series of short scenes from a film
trilogy
a group of three books or films that have the same subject
turn my attention to
start being involved in
amateur
not a professional
autograph
a famous perso's signature
band
a small group of musicians who play popular music together
be out of tune
to not be singing or playing the correct musical notes to sound pleasant
bench
"a long seat for two or more people
compose
to write music
curious
wanting to know more about sth
disaster
"very bad accident
fan
a person who admires sb/sth very much
fortunate
having or bringing an advantage
found
"to start sth
"(founded
founded)"
hand (sb sth)
to pass or give sth to sb
hold a concert
to organise a concert
"(held
held)"
howl
to make a long loud sound
in my view
in my opinion
in public
"when other people
inspire
to give sb the desire or enthusiasm to do sth well
interrupt
to do sth that stops sb else from what they were doing or saying
lay the table
"to arrange knives
"(laid
laid)"
master
to learn or understand sth completely
member
a person or an animal that belongs to a particular group
musical instrument
an object used for producing musical sounds
mystery
sth that is difficult to understand or to explain
newsflash
a short item of important news that is broadcast on radio or television
occurrence
sth that happens
packed (with)
containing a lot of a particular thing
put on
"to produce or present a play
"(put
put)"
rehearse
to practise a play or a piece of music
relation
relative; a person who is in the same family as sb else
review
"a report in which sb gives their opinion of a book
sensibly
in a way that shows good judgement
support
encouragement that you give to sb because you want them to be successful
suspect
"to have an idea that sth is probably true or likely to happen
ther's no stopping us
nothing can prevent us from achieving what we want to achieve
tolerate
to allow or accept sth that you do't agree with
unkind
unpleasant; slightly cruel
annoyed
slightly angry
at least
not less than
biting (wind)
(of a wind) very cold and unpleasant
ca't bear
to be unable to accept something unpleasant
ca't help
impossible to prevent or avoid sth
ca't stand
to dislike
crowded
having a lot of people or too many people
cup final
the last match in a series of matches in a competition
delay
to not do sth until a later time or to make sth happen at a later time
display
"an act of showing sth happening
dreadful
"unpleasant
feel like
to want to do sth
fireworks
"a display of small devices containing powder
get hold of
manage to find
keen (on)
interested in
mad about
liking sth/sb very much
make a fuss
to pay a lot of attention to sb
make it to
to be able to be present at a place
muddy
full of or covered in wet earth that is soft and sticky
my idea of
my impression of what sth is like
object (to)
"to disagree with
postpone
to arrange for an event to take place at a later time
pretend
to behave in a way that makes other people believe sth that is not true
second-rate
not very good or impressive
stumble over my lines
to make mistakes and stop while speaking in a play or film
treat
"sth pleasant that you give to
collaborative
involving the work of many people
invite
to ask sb formally to do sth
reach a decision
to arrive at finally making a decision
task
a piece of work that sb has to do
time
to measure how long it takes for sth to happen
turn-take
to speak when it is your time to do so
as is commonly the case
in the way that sth usually happens
be better off
to be happier or more satisfied
be bound to
to be certain to happen
bone
any of the hard parts that form the skeleton of the body of a human or an animal
breeches
short trousers fastened blow the knee
cadge
to ask sb for sth because you ca't pay for it yourself
calculate
to find the answer
cart
a vehicle with two or four wheels pulled by a horse
chimney
a large pipe for passing smoke from a fire into the open air
connection
a point where two things are connected
conviction
"strong opinion
crossroads
a place where two roads meet and cross each other
disappointment
sadness because you have't succeeded
divide
to separate
drop
to let fall by accident
earthenware
made of hard-baked clay
earthly
connected with life on earth
errand
a short journey to buy/get/do sth for sb
extract
"a short passage from a book
for
because
fortune
a lot of money
frost
thin layer of white ice that appears when temperature reaches freezing point
glove
a covering for the hand with separate parts for each finger and the thumb
go through
to examine sth carefully in order to find sth
"(went
gone)"
halt
to stop
happen (to be)
to do or be sth by chance
have in common
have similar characteristics
hide
to put or keep sb/sth in a place where they/it cannot be seen or found
"(hid
hidden)"
hole
a hollow space in sth solid or in the surface of sth
in the form of
"the particular way sth is
keepsake
a small object sb gives you so that you can remember them
lead
to connect one place to another
"(led
led)"
medal
a flat piece of metal that is given to the winner of a competition or to sb who has been brave
miss (sth)
to notice that sb or sth is not where they should be
motto
a short sentence that expresses the beliefs of a person or an institution
out of reach
at a distance so that sth cannot be reached
outbuilding
"a building
pipe
a tube through which liquids or gases can flow
pond
"small area of water
possession
sth that you own
poulterer
"a person who sells chickens
poverty
the state of being poor
puddle
a small amount of water that has collected in one place
rather
used to mean ?fairly? or'to some degree?
recover
to find sth which was missing
sharply
suddenly and by a large amount
shortly
a short time (ago/in the future)
skate
to move on special shoes over ice
slope
"if the ground slopes
stable-yard
an area around or near a stable (where horses are kept)
stow away
to put sth in a safe place
stranger (to)
a person who is in a place that they have not been in before
stream
small river
take (s's) fancy
to attract or please sb
thaw
when ice turns back into water
the case
the true situation
throw
to send sth from your hand through the air by moving your hand or arm quickly
"(threw
thrown)"
transparency
the quality of being able to be seen through; sth like ice or glass
treasured
"valuable
valley
an area of low land between hills or mountains
vase
"a container made of glass
wash (away)
(of water) to carry sth in a particular direction
characteristic
very typical of
contraction
a shorter form of a word
dish
a type of food that is prepared in a particular way
exchange
an arrangement when two people or groups from different countries visit each othe's homes
explore
to travel around a country or place in order to learn about it
figure
number
nearby
not far away
outskirts
the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre
port
"a place where ships load and unload goods
recommendation
a suggestion about the best thing to do
river cruise
a journey on a river visiting or looking at different places
suitable
right or appropriate for a particular purpose or occasion
surrounding
that is near or around sth
arrangement
a plan or preparation that you make so that sth can happen
cloud
"a grey or white mass made of very small drops of water
determination
the quality that makes you continue trying to do sth even when it is difficult
dramatically
suddenly and very much
firm
"steady
forecast
a statement about what will happen in the future based on information that is available now
green space
"an area with trees and/or flowers
intend
"to have a plan
intention
what sb plans to do
offer
an act of saying that you are willing to do sth for sb or give sth to sb
population
all the people who live in a particular area
prediction
statement about what you think will happen in the future
promise
"to tell sb that you will definitely do sth or not do sth
resources
sth that is available to use
the washing-up
"the act of washing plates
tidy up
to clean and put things in a room in their proper place
affect
to influence
bright
giving reason to believe that good things will happen; likely to be successful
bring about
"to cause
"(brought
brought)"
by means of
with the help of sth
communicate
"to exchange information
commute
to travel regularly between your place of work and your home
conventional
following what is traditional or the way sth has been done for a long time
damage
to harm or spoil sth/sb
enormous
extremely large
eventually
in the end
exceptional
unusually good
fancy
to want sth
fit in (with)
"to live
flexible
able to change to suit new conditions or situations
fuel
any material that we burn to produce heat or power
generation
all people born at the same time
giant
very large
household
all the people living together in a house
influence
the effect that sb/sth has on the way a person thinks or behaves or on the way that sth works or develops
juggle
to try to deal with two or more activities at the same time so that you can fit all of them into your life
leisure
free time
meaningful
serious and important
pattern
the regular way in which sth happens or is done
plant
to place sth firmly in a particular place
premises
the building and the area around it that a company uses
pressure
difficulty
retire
to stop working because you have reached a certain age
revolutionary
involving a great or complete change
rewarding
worth doing
run out of
to finish all of sth
"(ran
run)"
suit
to be convenient or useful to sb
supply
amount of sth that is available
the rat race
"the way of life of people living and working in a large city
throw away
to get rid of sth that you no longer want
"(threw
thrown)"
to an extent
partly
use up
to use all of sth so that there is none left
virtual
made to appear to exist by the use of computer software
vision
"a picture in your imagination
wasteful
using more of sth than is necessary
barrier
an object like a fence that prevents people from moving forward from one place to another
experience
the things that have happened to you that influence the way you think and behave
heatwave
a period of unusually hot weather
performance
how well or badly you do sth
reaction
sth that you do because sth else has happened
relate to
to have a connection with sth
repeatedly
"happening
scarf
a piece of cloth that is worn around the neck
supporter
a person who supports a particular sports team
annual
happening or done once every year
aquatic
living in or near water
bear in mind
to remember or consider sth
bob up and down
to move quickly up and down
bond
a strong connection between people
catamaran
a fast sailing boat with two hulls
chum
a friend
comical
funny or amusing because of being strange or unusual
current
the movement of water in the sea or a river
deck
the top outside floor of a ship
deposit
to put sth somewhere
edge
the place where the surface ends
emotional
connected with peopl's feelings
episode
an event in sb's life that is important or interesting in some way
equivalent
"sth which is equal in amount
far afield
"far away from home
farm
a place where particular fish or animals are bred
fate
"destiny
fetch
to go where sth is and bring it back
form
to make sth start to exist and develop
furiously
with a lot of energy or anger
get the hang of
to learn how to do sth
gradually
"slowly
habitat
the place where a particular kind of plant or animal lives
improbably
in a way that seems strange because it is not what you would expect
in sympathy
happening because sth else has happened
initiative
a new plan for dealing with a problem
into the wild
to their natural environment
leisurely
done without hurrying
licence
"permission
lottery
a way of winning a prize or money if the ticket numbers you have bought are chosen by chance
make my way
move towards
misnomer
a name that is not accurate
mushroom
a fungus with a round flat head and short stem
nasty
very bad and unpleasant
occasion
a particular time when sth happens
paddle
to swim with short movements of your hands or flippers
palpitate
"to beat rapidly in an irregular way
partner
a person sb lives with as a wife/husband but to whom he/she is not married
passage
"the action of going across
play footsie
to touch s's feet with your feet in a playful way
privilege
a special right
process
a series of actions that you do for a particular purpose
put off
to discourage sb from doing sth
"(put
put)"
reef
a long line of rocks near the surface of the water
release
to set free
ridiculously
in a very silly way
roam
to walk around without a definite direction
scarce
"if sth is scarce
scarcely
almost not
scuba dive
to swim underwater using special breathing equipment as a sport
seal
a sea mammal with short fur that eats fish
set up
to create sth or start it
"(set
set)"
shallow
not deep
skyscraper
an extremely tall building
solid
reliable
sponsor
to pay for the cost of an event
state
"the mental
stick
a thin piece of wood that has fallen or been broken from a tree
sting
(of an insect or plant) to touch your skin or make a very small hole in it so that you feel a sharp pain
"(stung
stung)"
sweep by
to move with a lot of force
"(swept
swept)"
tag
to fasten a small piece of paper or plastic to sth to identify it
take (sth) at face value
"to believe that sth is what it appears to be
tempt
to try to persuade sb to do sth
tendency
an expected way of behaving
the worse for wear
in a poor condition after doing sth difficult
traffic jam
"a lot of vehicles in the streets that move very slowly
turtle
"a large reptile with a hard round shell
vital
"essential
waist-deep
up to the middle of your body
youngster
a young person or a child
deal with
"to solve a problem
dependable
that you can depend on
desert
to go away from a place
drawback
a disadvantage
face
to have to deal with a difficult situation
feel free
used to tell sb that they are allowed to do sth
feel strange
to not feel comfortable in a situation
feel up to
to feel physically capable of doing sth
hesitate
to feel uncertain or nervous about doing sth
isolated
"not connected with others
last but not least
not less important than others
lonely
unhappy because you have no friends or people to talk to
mainland
"the main area of land of a country
make out
to claim; to say that sth is true when it may not be
neutral
deliberately not expressing any strong feeling
on the other hand
used to show a contrasting opinion
pollution
"the process of making air
reliable
"that can be trusted
search
"an attempt to find sth/sb
sum up
to state the main points of sth in a short way
05 USE OF ENGLISH (Student's Book pp50?51)
ancestor
a person in your family who lived a long time ago
anthropologist
"a person who studies the human race
canoe
a light narrow boat which you move along in the water with a paddle
century
a period of 100 years
challenge
a new or difficult task that tests s's ability and skill
climate
the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place
colonise
to take control of an area or a country that is not your own and send people from your own country to live there
completion
the state of being finished and complete
continent
"one of the large land masses of the earth such as Europe
crop
"a plant that is grown in large quantities
daring
brave; willing to do dangerous or unusual things
debate
an argument or discussion expressing different opinions
decade
"a period of ten years
distinctly
clearly
enter
to come or go into sth
excite
to make sb feel a particular emotion
expedition
a journey for a special purpose usually to discover sth
fern
a plant with large delicate leaves and no flowers that grows in wet areas
fjord
a long narrow strip of sea between high cliffs
geology
the origin and history of the rocks and soil of a particular area
glacier
a large mass of ice that moves very slowly down a valley
growth
"(of people
hurt
to cause physical pain to sb/yourself
"(hurt
hurt)"
incredibly
in a way that is very difficult to believe
land
to arrive somewhere in a plane or a boat
landmass
"a large area of land
majestic
impressive because of size or beauty
Maori
a member of a race of people who were the original people living in New Zealand
migration
"the movement of large numbers of people
mining
the process of getting coal and other minerals from under the ground
over
ended
party
a group of people who are doing sth together such as travelling or visiting somewhere
peak
the pointed top of a mountain
permanent
lasting for a long time
Polynesian
"sb from Polynesia
prevent
to stop sb from doing sth
purpose
"aim
remarkable
unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice
remote
far away from where people live
rest
to relax or do nothing after a period of activity or illness
ring
to telephone sb/sth
separate
not joined to anything
settler
a person who goes to live in a new country or region
sign of (sth)
"an event
snow-capped
(of mountains and hills) covered with snow on top
stretch
to spread over an area of land
survive
to continue to live or exist
tear
to damage by pulling something apart
"(tore
torn)"
territory
land that is under the control of a particular country or ruler
volcano
"a mountain with a large opening at the top through which gases and lava are forced out into the air
voyage
"a long journey
windy
"(of weather
a touch of class
an elegant quality
accurate
"correct
centigrade
Celcius
charter flight
cheap flight offered by a travel agency
coarse
"rough
cope (with)
to manage a difficult situation successfully
crowd
"ordinary people
depart
"usually to leave a place; here
do (sth) standing on my head
to be able to do sth very easily and without having to think too much
download
to move data to a smaller computer system from a larger one
entrant
a person who is taking part in a competition
equipment
the things that are needed for a particular activity
follow in (s's) footsteps
to do the same thing as someone else did in the past
function
what a machine does
gentle
"not strong
ingredient
one of the things from which sth is made
miserable
"bad in quality
not have a clue
to know nothing about sth or about how to do sth
occasionally
sometimes but not often
odd
"not regular
off-piste
away from the tracks of firm snow that have been prepared for skiing on
(how) on earth
used to emphasise the question you are asking when you are surprised or angry or cannot think of an obvious answer
outlook
the probable future
overcast
covered with clouds
own
"to have sth that belongs to you
particularly
especially
perfectionist
a person who likes to do things perfectly
point
the main or most important idea
pretty
very
protective
intended to make sure that sth is not harmed or damaged
range
a set of products of a particular type
recipe
a set of instructions that tells you how to cook sth and the items of food you need for it
be recognised
thought of as very good or important by people in general
run
to organise sth
"(ran
run)"
safety
the state of being protected from danger or harm
scattered
spread all over a place
seize
to grab
sheer
"used to emphasise the size
short-term
lasting a short time
shower
a short period of rain
soar
to rise very quickly
stand out
to cause sth to be noticed
"(stood
stood)"
surroundings
everything around a place
the charts
"a list
timepiece
a clock or watch
unaccompanied
when a person goes somewhere without having anyone else with them
value for money
worth the money it costs
volume
the amount of sth
wheel
one of the circular objects under a car or bus that turns when it moves
would rather
would prefer to
actually
used to correct sb in a polite way
congestion
the state of being full of vehicles
die out
to stop existing
rubbish
things that you throw away because you no longer want or need them
species
a group into which animals or plants are divided
admire
to respect sb for what they are
application
a formal request for a job or a place at college
aspect
a particular part or feature of a situation or a problem
background
"type of family
bathe
"to wash sth with water
charity
an organisation that collects money to help others
coach
to train sb to play a sport
come across
to find unexpectedly
"(came
come)"
commitment
a thing that you have promised or have to do
constructive
having a useful and helpful effect rather than being negative or with no purpose
deprived
without all the things that are necessary for people to live a happy and comfortable life
disabled
unable to use a part of your body
disadvantaged
"not having the things
eager
very interested and excited about sth that you want to do
expenses
money that you spend while you are working that your employer will pay back to you later
further
to help sth to develop or be successful
further afield
far away from home; to or in places that are not near
handler
"a person who trains and controls animals
introduction
a person's first experience of sth
laid-back
calm and relaxed
lay
to put in a particular position
"(laid
laid)"
leap
to jump high or a long way
"(leapt
leapt)"
lie
"1) (lay
look back (on)
to think about what happened in the past
look into
to examine sth
look out
to be careful
look through
to examine or read sth quickly
look up
to look for information in a dictionary or reference book
look up to
to admire or respect sb
low
weak or depressed
organisational
of making arrangements or preparations for sth
orphanage
a home for children whose parents are dead
reluctantly
hesitating before you do sth because you do't really want to do it
self-confidence
confidence in yourself and your abilities
self-esteem
a feeling of being happy with your own character and abilities
take on
to agree to be responsible for sb/sth
the chance of a lifetime
"a wonderful opportunity
vastly
very much
vet
a person who has been trained in treating animals which are ill or injured
voluntary
done by people who choose to do it without being paid
when it comes to
when it is a question of sth
bookworm
a person who likes reading books a lot
character
"a person in a book
cliff
a high and very steep rock
collapse
to fail suddenly and completely
come bottom
to be in the lowest position
distant
a long way away
from top to bottom
going to every part of a place
get to the bottom of (sth)
to find out the real cause of sth
ghost
the spirit of a dead person that a living person believes they can see or hear
hillside
the side of a hill
league
a group of teams that compete with each other for the championship
mist
a cloud just above the ground that makes it difficult to see
path
a track that is made by the action of people walking
personality
s's character
pipe
a tube with a ball-shaped part used for smoking tobacco
read on
to continue reading
"(read
read)"
roll down
to move by turning over
route
a way that you follow to get from one place to another
sharp
having a thin and strong edge that can cut
start at the bottom
begin at the lowest position
steep
sloping very sharply
the bottom has fallen out of
people have stopped buying a compan's products
thick
difficult to see through
trade
buying and selling goods
assess
to calculate the amount or value of sth
attempt
when you try to do sth difficult
bank
the side of a river or a canal
burst
"to break open or apart
caravan
"a road vehicle without an engine that is pulled by a car
coastguard
an official organisation whose job is to watch the sea near a coast in order to help ships and people in trouble
cut off
to prevent sb/sth from reaching a place
"(cut
cut)"
dry-clean
to clean clothes using chemicals instead of water
emergency
a sudden and dangerous situation
escape
the act of getting away from an unpleasant or dangerous situation
fed up with
to be bored and unhappy
flood
"if a place floods or sth floods it
house
to provide sb/sth with a place to live or a place to stay permanently
joke
to say sth to make people laugh
livestock
"the animals kept on a farm
lorry
a large motor vehicle for carrying heavy loads by road
means (of)
"an action
operation
an organised activity that involves a lot of people
overflow
to be so full that the contents go over the sides
overturn
if sth overturns it turns upside down or on its side
praise
words of approval or admiration
question
to ask sb questions about sth officially
rarely
not very often
redecorate
to put new paint and/or paper on the walls of a room or house
relieved
feeling happy because sth unpleasant has stopped or has not happened
repair
to mend sth that is damaged
shatter
to suddenly break into small pieces
soaking wet
very wet
spokesperson
a person who speaks on behalf of a group or an organisation
swirl
to move around quickly with a circular movement
torrential
(of rain) falling in large amounts
trap
to keep sb in a dangerous place or bad situation that they want to get out of but cannot
win through
to be successful in spite of difficulties
"(won
won)"
winch
to lift sb/sth up into the air using a machine with a rope or chain
bull
the male of any animal in the cow family
civilisation
a place that offers you the comfortable way of life of a modern society
companion
a person who stays with you to keep you company
cover
to travel the distance mentioned
cross
to pass from one side to the other
distance
the amount of space between two places or things
foolish
"stupid
get (sb) to
to make sb do sth
"(got
got)"
on horseback
sitting on a horse
on reaching
when they arrived at
pack
to put clothes into a bag in preparation for a trip away from home
pour with rain
"when i's pouring with rain
pull off
to succeed in doing sth
quicksands
deep wet sand that you sink into if you walk on it
reach a point
to arrive at a particular point or stage of sth after a period of time
scare
to frighten sb
set out
to leave on a journey
"(set
set)"
sick with fear
to be extremely worried
silly
"showing a lack of thought
stage
a separate part that a process is divided into
thoroughly
completely
time off
time spent not working
tour guide
a person employed to show tourists around interesting places
trust
to have confidence in sb
as a matter of fact
"to tell the truth
bore (sb) stiff
make sb feel terribly bored
fond (of)
liking sth
mad about
liking sth/sb very much
approach
a way of dealing with sb/sth; a way of thinking about sth such as a problem
approved
official
astounded
"very surprised or shocked by sth
backpacker
a tourist who carries his things in a bag on his back
beyond
further or more than sth
bowl sb over
to surprise or impress sb a lot
carbon-copy
a person or thing that is very similar to sb/sth else
catch my eye
to attract my attention
check out
to look at or examine sth that seems interesting or attractive
checklist
a list of the things that you must remember to do
churn out
to produce sth quickly and in large amounts
colonial
connected with or belonging to a country that controls another country
conservatory
a school or college at which people are trained in music
date back (to)
to have existed since a particular time in the past or for the length of time mentioned
device
an object or a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job
directory
"a book containing lists of information
early on
at an early stage of a situation
en route
on the way
engagement
an arrangement to do sth at a particular time
equator
an imaginary line around the earth at an equal distance from the North and South Poles
extra
a person who is employed to play a very small part in a film
famed
very well known
fellow-traveller
used to describe sb who is the same as you in some way; here they are also a traveller
folk
traditional and typical of the ordinary people of a country or community
fresh
having just had a particular experience
frustrated
feeling helpless after failing to do sth although you have tried hard
give way to
to be replaced by sth
go local
to go to a place and develop local habits
GPS
"global positioning system (= a system by which signals are sent from satellites to a special device
hang about
"to wait or stay near a place
"(hung
hung)"
hang back
to hesitate because you are nervous about doing or saying sth
"(hung
hung)"
hang on
1) wait for a short time
"(hung
hung)"
hang out
to spend a lot of time in a place
"(hung
hung)"
hang up
"to put the telephone down suddenly
"(hung
hung)"
head (to)
to move in a particular direction
hostel
a cheap hotel for students or travellers
insight (into)
an understanding of what sth is like
live up to (sth)
to do as well as or be as good as other people expect you to
location
"a place where sth happens
negotiate
to successfully get over a difficult part on a path or route
networking
a system of trying to meet and talk to other people who may be useful to you in what you are trying to do
off-centre
not exactly in the centre of sth
package tour
"a holiday that is organised by a company at a fixed price and that includes the cost of travel
plaza
a public outdoor square esp. in a town where Spanish is spoken
prearrange
plan or arrange in advance
proclaim
to declare
put to the test
to put sb/sth in a situation which will show what their true qualities are
puzzled
confused
reduction
how much cheaper a certain product is sold
reel off
to say or repeat sth quickly without having to stop or think about it
restricted
limited in what you are able to do
room for manoeuvre
chance to change or influence a situation
serve (as)
to be suitable for a particular use
share
"to use
sidewalk
American English for pavement
simultaneously
done at the same time as sth else
snobby
feeling that you are better than other people because you are more intelligent
specific
particular
spot-on
exactly right
stereotypical
happening in the usual way
surprisingly
in a way that surprises sb
ther's no point in
there is no purpose
a tight schedule
a lot of things to do in a short time
to date
until now
blame
to think that sb is responsible for sth bad
cabin
a small room on a ship in which you live or sleep
fascinating
extremely innteresting and attractive
flight connection
a plane at an airport that a passenger can take soon after getting off another in order to continue their journey
make a habit of
to do sth regularly
make all the difference
to have an important effect on sb/sth
make do with
to manage with sth that is't really satisfactory
make out
"to understand
"(made
made)"
make the most of
To gain the best advantage possible
make up my mind
to decide
site
a place where sth has happened or that is used for sth
temple
a building used for the worship of a god or gods
tomb
"a large grave
alternate
to keep changing from one thing to another and back again
award
a prize
brainstorm
to think of as many solutions to a problem as possible
break into
to get into a house illegally in order to steal valuables
"(broke
broken)"
car hire
the act of paying to use a car for a short time
dash
to go somewhere very quickly
gloom
almost total darkness
hunger
the state of not having enough food to eat
husky
"a large strong dog with thick hair
log cabin
a small house built of logs
overnight
happening during the night
set off
to begin a journey
"(set
set)"
sled
a vehicle for travelling over snow and ice
slide
to move easily over a smooth or wet surface
steward
"a man whose job is to take care of passengers on an aircraft and who brings them meals
suffer (from)
"to be badly affected by a disease
threaten
"to say that you will cause trouble
throw about
to move sth suddenly and forcefully in different directions
"(threw
thrown)"
twinkle
to shine with a light that keeps changing from bright to faint to bright again
wilderness
a large area of land that has never been developed
appreciate
to recognise the good qualities of a person or thing
as such
in the exact sense of the word
beneficial
"helpful
the bottom line
the most important thing
carbon dioxide
a gas breathed out by people and animals from the lungs or produced by burning
carbon monoxide
a poisonous gas that is formed when carbon is not burnt completely
convenience
sth useful that makes your life easier
decent
of good quality
drone
to make a continuous low noise
gridlock
too many cars in the streets so that the traffic cannot move at all
have it all ways
to want to have the advantages of two or more different situations that are impossible to combine
in effect
used when you mention what really happens
initially
at first
moan
to complain about sth in a way that other people find annoying
progress
improvement
put up with
to allow sth to happen although you disagree
"(put
put)"
race track
"a track for races between cars
southbound
"southwards
the trouble is
what is difficult is
luggage
"bags
scenery
"the natural features of an area
ache
to feel a continuous pain
alpine
"existing in or connected with high mountains
altitude
the height of sth above sea level
angle
"the space between two lines or surfaces that join
astonished
very surprised
awkwardly
not using the body well
beech
a large tree that produces small nuts
bound
to run very quickly with long steps in an enthusiastic way
brass
"a bright yellow metal
bubble
air goes through a liquid and reaches the surface
bunch
a number of things fastened together
cafeteria
a restaurant where people carry their own food to their tables
cattle
cows and bulls kept as farm animals
cease
to stop
chalet
"a wooden house with a roof that slopes steeply down over the sides
chatter
(of teeth) to knock together because you are cold
chill
unpleasant coldness
chime
to ring (of a bell or clock)
crouch
to bend your legs and body so that you are close to the ground
cuckoo clock
a clock with a small bird inside that comes out every hour and makes a sound like a cuckoo (type of bird)
dash s's hopes
to destroy s's hopes by making them impossible to achieve
dawn
early in the morning when light first appears in the sky
dim
not bright
dissolve
to mix or be mixed with a liquid and become part of it
domestic
"kept as a pet
drizzle
very fine rain
duvet
"a large bag filled with feathers
faint
not strong or clear
filter
to come into a place slowly
fine
very thin or narrow
fling off
to throw sth with force
"(flung
flung)"
fluffy
"soft
freeze
to stop moving suddenly because you are frightened
"(froze
frozen)"
fumble
to use your hands with difficulty when looking for sth
glide
to move smoothly without making any noise
glint
to produce flashes of light
glow
to produce a soft light
haystack
a large pile of hay
heel
the back part of your foot
hook
a curved piece of metal for hanging sth on
inquisitive
interested in finding out about many different things
intense
very strong
interior
the inside part of sth
jailer
a person in charge of a prison
jangle
to make a harsh sound like two pieces of metal hitting each other
linger
to stay somewhere longer than expected
lodge
a small house in the country where people stay when they want to take part in some types of outdoor sport
log
a thick piece of wood that has fallen from a tree
mauve
pale purple in colour
meadow
a field of grass and wild flowers
monstrous
very large and ugly
on closer inspection
after examining every detail
perch
to be placed on top of sth
persist
to continue to do sth despite difficulties
pine
a tall evergreen tree or the wood from that tree
plod
"a kind of walk which is slow
pose
to stand or sit in a particular way for a photograph
precious
rare and worth a lot of money
present (with)
to show sth
prompt
to make sb decide to do sth
purple
having the colour of blue and red mixed together
rainbow
an arch of different colours seen in the sky when the sun shines through rain
rattle
to make a noise like hard things hitting each other
rear
at the back of
rock face
the vertical surface of a rock
set back
to delay the progress of sth
"(set
set)"
set down
to write sth down on paper in order to record it
"(set
set)"
set in
"(of rain
"(set
set)"
set off
to make an alarm start ringing
"(set
set)"
set out
to leave a place and begin a journey
"(set
set)"
set up
to create sth or start it
"(set
set)"
shuttered
with closed shutters
silhouette
the dark outline of a person or an object seen against a light background
slack
"not very busy
solitary
with no other people or things around
spot
to notice sth suddenly and perhaps with some difficulty
squirrel
a small animal that lives in trees and eats nuts
steady
developing gradually and in an even and regular way
still
not moving
strenuous
"needing great effort
summit
the top of a mountain
tank
a large container for holding liquid or gas
tick away
to mark the time
tiptoe
to walk on your toes trying not to make a noise
torch
a small electric lamp that you carry in your hand
trout
a common freshwater fish used for food
undergrowth
bushes and other plants growing under trees
varnish
to paint wooden surfaces with a special liquid to protect them and make them shine
visible
that can be seen
wise
able to make sensible decisions
appearance
the way that sb/sth looks on the outside
arrest
to take sb to a police station and keep them there because they may be guilty of a crime
block
to stop sb from going somewhere by standing in front of them or in their way
briefcase
a flat case used for carrying papers and documents
direction
the general position a person or thing moves or points towards
do't like the look of (sth)
be worried by the appearance of sth
headline
"the title of a newspaper article printed in large letters
hurriedly
done too quickly because you do not have enough time
identification
official papers or a document that can prove who you are
lean
to bend or move from an upright position
look ahead
to think about what is going to happen in the future
look around
to turn your head so that you can see sth
look your age
to seem as old as you really are and not younger or older
middle-aged
(of a person) neither young nor old
not much to look at
not attractive
suspicious
"feeling that sb has done sth wrong
theft
the crime of stealing sth from a person or place
tracksuit
a warm loose pair of trousers and matching jacket worn for sports practice
barrier
a problem or situation that prevents sb from doing sth
expert
"a person with special knowledge
give away
to give sth as a gift
"(gave
given)"
hiccup
a repeated sound in the throat that you cannot control
keep sth to yourself
to not tell other people about sth
key
most important
luxury
"very great comfort
pace
"the speed at which sb/sth walks
perception
the way you notice things
pillar
a column which supports a building or part of a building
proud (of)
feeling pleased and satisfied about sth that you own or have done
sound
to give a particular impression when heard or read about
speculate
to make a guess about sth
steam
the hot gas that is produce by boiling water
synchronise
to happen at the same time or to move at the same speed as sth
tune
melody
artificial
made or produced to copy sth natural
authorities
people who have the power to give orders
bleak
"unpleasant
catch
to capture a person or animal that tries or would try to escape
"(caught
caught)"
clear
to get official approval for sth
for a good cause
to help other people
glass-fronted
to have the front covered with glass
go about
to start working on sth
"(went
gone)"
hammer
to hit a nail into a surface
hand hold
sth on the surface of a steep slope that a climber can hold
mentality
a way of thinking
mountaineering
the sport or activity of climbing mountains
permission
the act of allowing sb to do sth
resist
to stop yourself from having sth you like or want
rope
"very string thick string made by twisting thinner strings
security
the state of feeling safe
set your heart on
to want sth very much
tie
"to attach or hold two things or more things together using string
track
rails
view
to consider; to think about sb/sth in a particular way
compulsory
that must be done because of a law or a rule
acquaintance
a person that you know but who is not a close friend
affairs
events that are of public interest or political importance
be at odds
to disagree with sb about sth
break up
to end a relationship
(with)
Sarah broke up with Darren after she found out that he had been lying to her.
"(broke
broken)"
catch up (with sb)
"to find out about things that have happened
"(caught
caught)"
clean up after (sb)
to remove dirt or tidy up when sb has made the place dirty or untidy
come down with
to become ill
"(came
come)"
compromise
to do sth that is against your principles
consistently
always in the same way and continuing for a period of time
cut all ties
to end all communication or have no connection with sb/sth
"(cut
cut)"
cutlery
"knives
drift apart
to become less friendly or close to sb
evade
to find a way of not doing sth
existence
a way of living
face up to
to accept and deal with sth that is difficult or unpleasant
fall out with
to stop being friendly with sb because of a fight
"(fell
fallen)"
fixed
"(of ideas
for fear of
to avoid the danger of sth happening
force (sth) on (sb)
to make sb accept sth that they do not want
gathering
a meeting of people for a particular purpose
global
of all the world
grow out of
to stop doing sth as you become older
"(grew
grown)"
grown-up
(of a person) mentally and physically an adult
housemate
a person that you share a house with
inclination (to do sth)
a feeling that makes you want to do sth
inconvenience
trouble or problems
inferior
not as good as sb/sth else
justify
to give an explanation or excuse for sth or for doing sth
mature
to develop emotionally and start to behave like a sensible adult
merely
only
move on
to start doing or discussing sth new
mutual
shared by two or more people
not see eye to eye
to not share the same views as sb about sth
(weeks) on end
"for the stated length of time
open-minded
"willing to listen to
pile
a number of things that are one on top of the other
prove yourself
to show other people how good you are at doing sth
rationally
based on reason
resolve
to find a satisfactory solution to a problem or difficulty
respond
to do sth as a reaction to sth that sb has said or done
retreat
to escape to a place that is quieter or safer
row
a noisy argument
shy
nervous or embarrassed about meeting and speaking to other people
superficial
not serious or important and lacking any depth of understanding or feeling
trivial
not important or serious
trustworthy
"that you can rely on to be good
verbally
in spoken words and not in writing or actions
withdrawn
extremely quiet and shy
catering
the work of providing food and drinks for meetings or social events
confirm
to state or show that sth is definitely true or correct
estimate
"to form an idea of the cost
in reply to
the act of answering sb
match
to find sb/sth that goes together with or is connected with another person or thing
membership
"the state of belonging to a group
part-time
for only part of the working day or week
penfriend
a person that you make friends with by writing letters
position
job
regarding
concerning sb/sth
abroad
in or to a foreign country
at the turn of the century
the time when a new century starts
autumn
"the season of the year between summer and winter
the Bering Sea
"(name) part of the North Pacific between Siberia and Alaska
break down
(of a machine or vehicle ) to stop working because of a fault
brutal
"violent and cruel
by rail
by train
by relay
carrying sth over a long distance using sets of people and animals that replace the others who are tired
citizen
a person who lives in a particular place
courageous
"brave
cut back
to do or have less of sth
"(cut
cut)"
cut out
"to block sth
"(cut
cut)"
cut through
to go across sth in order to make your route shorter
"(cut
cut)"
diphtheria
a serious infectious disease of the throat that causes difficulty in breathing
dogsled
"a vehicle without wheels for travelling on snow
epidemic
a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community
gale
an extremely strong wind
gather
"to pick
gold rush
when a lot of people suddenly go to a place where gold has been found
handler
"a person who trains and controls animals
harbour
port
heap
to put things in an untidy pile
junk email
advertising material that is sent via email to people who have not asked for it
lift
to remove or end restrictions
merciless
showing no kindness or pity
nursing
the job of caring for sick people
oppose
"to disagree strongly with s's plan
outburst
a sudden strong expression of emotion
output
the amount that a machine produces
quarantine
a period of time when an animal or a person that has a disease is kept away from others in order to prevent the disease from spreading
remote
far away from where people live
resolution
a firm decision to do or not to do sth
scream
"to give a loud
split up (with)
to stop having a relationship with sb
"(split
split)"
work out
to develop in a successful way
as luck would have it
in such a way that chance decides what will happen
ballet
a style of dancing that tells a dramatic story with music but no talking or singing
critic
"a person who expresses disapproval of sb/sth
dedicate
to give all your energy and time to sth
deep down
"if you know sth deep down
essential
"necessary
(not) get (sb) wrong
to not understand correctly what sb means
in a way
to some extent
lead a ? life
to have a particular type of life
miss out on
to fail to benefit from sth useful or enjoyable by not taking part in it
pastime
sth that you enjoy doing
persuade
to give sb good reasons for doing sth
reckon
"to suppose
regret
to feel sorry about sth you have done or about sth you have not been able to do
set your heart on sth
to want sth very much
tour
"to travel around a place
typical
"having the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person
close
knowing sb very well and liking them very much
acclaimed
praised
acre
a unit for measuring an area of land; 4050 square metres
admission
the act of accepting sb into an institution
boom
to have a period of rapid growth
breeding ground
"a place where sth
bright
giving reason to believe that good things will happen; likely to be successful
campus
the buildings of a university or college and the land around them
canvas
a piece of strong heavy rough fabric used for painting on
commercial
connected with the buying and selling of goods and services
consumer
a person who buys things and uses services
contemporary
"modern
cure
to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness
dealer
a person whose business is buying and selling works of art
dean
a person in a university who is in charge of a department of studies
decline
gradual loss of strength
demand
the need of customers for goods or services
depict
to show an image of sth in a picture
digital
"using an electronic signal
disciplined
trained to obey rules
disillusioned
disappointed because the person you admired or the idea you believed to be good and true now seems without value
draw
a person or thing that attracts a lot of people
elite
"that belongs to a group that has a lot of power or influence
exhibition
"a collection of things
expressive
showing or able to show your thoughts and feelings
faculty
all the teachers in a department of a college or university
fiercely
"aggressively
Fine Arts
"forms of art
flowering
the time when sth reaches its most complete and successful stage of development
former
of an earlier time
gesture
to move your hands in order to express what you mean or want
graduate
"to get a degree
hot
"new
idealistic
"having a strong belief in perfect standards and trying to achieve them
identity
"the characteristics that distinguish a group of people
in search of
looking for
label
to fix a piece of paper on sth with information on it
lacking (in sth)
having none or not enough of sth
major
the main subject or course of a student at college or university (usually in the US)
materialistic
caring more about money and possessions than anything else
medium
"the material or the form that an artist
might as well
the situation is the same or almost the same as if it were true
modest
"not very large
motivated
to make sb want to do sth
motive
a reason for doing sth
nightmare
"an experience that is very frightening and unpleasant
nowadays
at the present time
open (to sb)
to be available and ready to use
passion (for sb/sth)
a very strong feeling of liking sth
place
used to express the attitude sb has towards sb/sth
plot
a piece of land that is used or intended for a special purpose
practical
connected with real situations rather than with ideas or theories
present-day
"existing in the world now
prestige
the respect and admiration that sb/sth has because of what they have done
printmaking
the technique of making a picture that is first carved into metal or wood and then covered with ink and printed onto paper
prosperous
rich and successful
range
a variety of things of a particular type
reduce
to make less
reflect
to show or to express
reshape
to change the shape or structure of sth
sculptor
a person who makes figures by carving wood or stone
selective
tending to be careful about what or who you choose
shield
to protect sb/sth from danger
shift
a change in position or way of thinking
show up
to arrive
"(showed
shown)"
snap up
to obtain sth quickly because it is cheap or you want it very much
society
the people in a country with their customs and laws
sophisticated
clever and complicated in the way that it works
spacious
large and with plenty of room for people to move around in
state-run
managed by the government
struggle
"a hard fight in which people try to obtain or achieve sth
sum
an amount of money
sweep
"to move over an area
"(swept
swept)"
talented
having a natural ability to so sth well
transform
to completely change the appearance or character of sth
trendy
fashionable
turn away
to refuse to allow sb to enter a place
turn back
to return the way you have come
turn down
1) to reject or refuse to consider an offer
turn into
"to transform
turn out (to be)
to prove to be
turn over
to make sth change position so that the other side is facing outwards or upwards
unease
the feeling of being worried or unhappy about sth
worth
having a certain value
10 WRITING (Student's Book pp98?99)
account
written or spoken description of sth that has happened
change money
change an amount of one currency for another
change the subject
to talk about sth else
change your mind
to change a decision or an opinion
come about
to happen
"(came
come)"
come down
to lower
"(came
come)"
come up against
to face difficulties
"(came
come)"
come up with
to find an answer
"(came
come)"
damaged
"physically spoilt
disinterested
not interested
leather
material made by removing the hair or fur from animal skins
overpriced
costing more than it is worth
receipt
piece of paper that shows that goods or services have been paid for
refund
an amount of money paid back to you for sth that you have bought but you are not happy with
reserved
that has been booked in advance
shop window
the glass at the front of a shop and the area behind it where goods are shown to the public
sketch
a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details
strap
a flat piece of leather or cloth for fastening things
zoom lens
the part of a camera which contains a curved piece of glass that makes things look larger when you look through it
10 USE OF ENGLISH (Student's Book pp 100?101)
alternative
a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities
biro
a plastic pen with a metal ball at the top that rolls ink onto the paper
castle
"a large strong building with thick high walls and towers
compass
instrument for finding direction
dispose (of)
to get rid of sb/sth that you do not want or cannot keep
dynamo
a device for turning energy from movement into electricity
experiment
a scientific test that is carried out in order to gain new knowledge
extraction
the act or process of removing or obtaining sth from sth else
fashion show
an event organised in order to present the new fashion in clothes
graphite
a soft black mineral that is a form of carbon
harm
to hurt sb or damage sth
ink
"coloured liquid for writing
instead of
in the place of sth
internal combustion engine
a type of engine used in most cars that produces power by burning petrol inside
invention
a thing made for the first time
lead
the thin black part of a pencil that marks paper
light bulb
the glass part that fits into an electric lamp and gives light
manufacture
to make goods in large quantities
mine
"a deep hole or holes under the ground where minerals such as coal
monument
"a building
motor
a device that uses electricity or gas to produce movement and makes a machine work
politician
"a person whose job is concerned with politics
recycled
used to describe things that have been treated so they can be used again
situated
which is in a particular place
statue
"a figure of a person or an animal in stone
ton
"a unit for measuring weight
worthwhile
"important
10 LISTENING (Student's Book p102)
arrangement
the way things are done or organised
bargain
sth that is cheaper than usual
be one for
to be a person who enjoys sth
brand
the name of a product that a company produces
buzz
a strong feeling of pleasure or excitement
ca't hear myself think
ca't think clearly because i's so noisy and distracting
drag
to persuade sb to go somewhere they do not really want to go to
expenditure
the amount of money that is spent
faulty
not working properly
goods
things that are produced to be sold
have an eye for (sth)
"to be able to judge if things are valuable
inclined
likely to do sth
le's face it
le's accept reality
merchandise
things for sale
mind you
used to add sth to what you have just said esp. sth that makes it less strong
part with
to give sth away that you would prefer to keep
reasonable
(of prices) not too expensive
right
a moral or legal claim to have or do sth
stock
to keep a supply of a particular type of goods to sell