-
Phylum Ciliophora
Trichodinid ciliate
Gillichthys mirabilis
 - Ectoparasites that aparsite molluscs and fishes
- gill arches
- note denticle x-section
-
-
Phylum Ciliophora
- Protozoans that have cilia at at least one stage of the life cycle
- type types of nuclei- macro and micronucleus
- hosts are infected by motile tomites- attach to host and become trophozoites (feeding and growing stage)
-
Phylum Apicoplexa
- Similar lifecycles and produce infective sporozoites
- entirely parasitic
- have apical complex
- terminal polar ring and associated structures including the conoid, rhoptires, and micronemes
- all LC begin with entrance of sporozoites into the host (contained in oocysts)
- Sporozoites are formed by sporogony (asexual division of a zygote)
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Generalized gregarine LC
Sporozoite (in host) > Trophozoite > Gamont > SYZYGY > Gametocyst (excreted by hosts) > GAMOGONY > Zygote (2N) in Oocyst (many oocysts in gametocyst) > SPOROGONY > Sporozoites in Oocyst (excreted by host) > ingested by host-- cycle continues
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Generalized gregarine LC
Sporozoite > Trophozoite > Schizont > SCHIZOGONY (*agam) > Merozoite (can revert back to trophozoite) > Gamont > GAMOGONY (gamic) > Microgametes, Macrogametes > Zygote > Sporong (in feces) > SPOROGONY > Spores > Ingestion --- cycle repeates
-
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Coccideans
Order Eucoccidia
Family Eimeridae
Eimeria tenella
Poultry
-
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Order Euchoccidis
Sarcocystis
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccideans
Order Piroplasmida
Babesia bigemani
Note pear shaped parasites in RBC
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Order Eucoccidea
Haemogregarina
Fish, amphibians, reptiles
- trophozoites
- inside amphibian red blood cells
- Note distinctive trophozoite in infected cells - trophs displace the host cell nucleus to the cell's margin
- Schizogony occurs in the bone marrow - only trophs and gamonts are found in peripheral circulation
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Aggegata sp.
- Life cycle is indirect with decapod crustaceans serving as hosts to
- stages that reproduce only asexually- Sexual reproduction occurs in the cephalopod host- Prevalence in wild octopus populations is 100%, and pathology is
- minimal- When octopuses are maintained for aquaculture, infection with
- Agreggata is associated with cell hypertrophy and ulceration in
- infected tissue as well as weight loss and behavioral changes
-
Phylum Sarcomastigophora (Flagellates)
Order Opalinida
Opalina
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
- Plasmodium vivax
- P. falciparum
- P. malariae
- P. ovale
- P. lophurae
-
-Obligate indirect lifecycles with invert and vert hosts
- Insect micropredators serve as vectors
-Plasmodium causes increased feeding rates in mosquitoes
Describe Order Haemosporida
-
-Plasmoidum is causative agent of malaria in mammals
- infections are characterized by prominent erythrocytic stage of asexual reproduction in the vertebrate host
-Family Cuculidae are vectors for parasite- Anopheles
Describe Plasmodium
-
- Schizogony occurs in the vertebrate host- pimarily in erythrocytes
-Gamogony is initated in vert host with the production of macro and microgametes
-Gametocytes are ingested with blood meal
-Zygote formation and sporogony occur extracelularly in the invert host
-Sporozoites localize in salivary glands where they can be easily transferred
- Gamogony is initiated in vert host but completed in invert host- invert host is DH
- females are micropredators- males are nectar feeders
- Vert host is infected by sporozoites from the bite and initiates intracellular infection
-Primary infection is exoerythrocytic and located in parynchema of the liver
- after enters liver parasite becomes a trophozoite and beings to grow and feed on cytoplasm
- When parasite is mature, the cell becomes a schizont and begins producing merozoites
- merozoites are released into the blood stream to initiate erythrocytic stage
-each merozoite invades erythrocyte and become a trophozoite- feeding and growing within the infected red blood cell- ring trophs (cytoplasm- ring, nucleus- jewel, open portion is food vacuole))
- as troph matures, ring fades but red spots of hemazoin, from digestion of hemoglobin, being to appear)
- at maturity, the parasite becomes a schizont and begins to replicate within the RBC
- Cycles of schizogony are synchronized in human Plasmodium resulting in simultaneous release of many merozoites into the bloodstream- cause fever and chills
-After several cycles of schizogony, some merozoites will develop into gamonts following invasion of an erythrocyte
-macro and microgametes develop intracellularly
-gamonts in peripheral circulation are ingested by mosquito
- gamogony continues in the gut of the mosquito
-gamonts will develop into gametes only in compatible spp. of mosquitoes
- In gut, nuclues of microgamont multiples resulting in 4-8 long, slender microgametes
-exflagellation- release of flagellated microgametes
-micro and macrogametes fuse and form a motile zygote- the ookinete
- migrates though gut epitherlum and encysts outside of gut wall
- resulting oocysts protrude into the haemocoel from gut wall
LC of Plasmodium
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium vivax oocyst
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium vivax
- North Africa/Asia
- Tertian - 48 hrs
- Relapse- dormant in liver cells
- Schuffner's dots
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium ovale
- Old world/tropics
- Mild
- 48 Hrs
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium vivax sporozoites
- In salivary glands
- After sporogony in oocyst along gut wall of mosquito, rupture of oocyst release 1000s of sprozoites and migrate to salivary glands
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium vivax schizonts
- Early schizont ^
Late Schizont
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium malariae gametocytes
- infective to the DH (Mosquito)
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium falciparum
- Cerebral malaria
- 50% of all causes
- Maurer's clefts- small ring trophs
- High parasitemia
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium falciparum early ring trophs
- some are doubly infected
- notice high parasetemia (high number of parasitized cells)
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium malariae
- Old/New world
- 7% of cases
- Low parasitimea
- Long recrudescence (dormant in RBC)
- 72 hours
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium vivax shizonts
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium ovale gametocyte
-
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
Order Haemosporida
Plasmodium lopurae gametocyte
- exflagellated microgamete in blood meal from mosquito gut
- hihg amount of hosts are parasitized
-
Sickle Cell Anemia
Heterozygous individuals
-
Plasmodium LC
- schizogony- IH
- Gamogony - IH >DH
- Sprogony- DH
-
-
-
|
|
