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What is the reference range for Total cholesterol?
- Desirable: <200
- Borderline: 200-239
- High: >/=240
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What is the reference range for HDL?
- Protective against Heart Disease: >/=60
- The Higher the Better: 40-59
- Major Risk Factor for Heart Disease: <40
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What is the reference range for LDL?
- Optimal: <100
- Near optimal: 100-129
- Borderline: 130-159
- High: 160-189
- Very High: >/=190
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What is the reference range for Triglyceride?
- Normal: <150
- Borderline: 150-199
- High: 200-499
- Very High: >/=500
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Name the Hyperlipoproteinemia with these characteristics:
Serum appearance: Creamy layer of chlymicrons over clear serum
Total cholesterol: Normal to moderately elevated
Triglyceride: Extremely elevated
Apo B-48 increased
Apo A-IV increased
Type I hyperlipoproteinemia: Elevated chylomicrons
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Name the Hyperlipoproteinemia with these characteristics:
Serum appearance: Clear
Total cholesterol: Generally elevated
Triglyceride: Normal
Apo-B 100 increased
Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia: Increased LDL
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Name the Hyperlipoproteinemia with these characteristics:
Serum appearance: Clear or slightly turbid
Total cholesterol: Elevated
Triglyceride: Elevated
Apo B-100 increased
Type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia: Increased LDL and VLDL
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Name the Hyperlipoproteinemia with these characteristics:
Serum appearance: Creamy layer sometimes present over a turbid layer
Total cholesterol: Elevated
Triglyceride: Elevated
Apo E-II increased
Apo E-III decreased
Apo E-IV decreased
Type III hyperlipoproteinemia: Increased IDL
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Name the Hyperlipoproteinemia with these characteristics:
Serum appearance: Turbid
Total cholesterol: Normal to slightly elevated
Triglyceride: Moderately to severely elevated
Apo C-II either increased or decreased
Apo B-100 increased
Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia: Increased VLDL
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Name the Hyperlipoproteinemia with these characteristics:
Serum appearance: Turbid with creamy layer
Total cholesterol: Slightly to moderately elevated
Triglyceride: Severely elevated
Apo C-II increased or decreased
Apo B-48 increased
Apo B-100 increased
Type V hyperlipoproteinemia: Increased VLDL with increased chylomicrons
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What is the most common familial form of Lipids and characterized by the type IIa, type IV, type IIb, with apo B increased?
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL)
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What is the lipid complication that is associated with VLDL and apo B-100 overproduction in the liver?
Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia
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What is the lipid complication that is characterized by a moderate elevation of triglycerides with excess production of VLDL?
Familial hypertriglyceridemia
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What lipid complication is characterized by increased VLDL and chylomicrons?
Type V hyperlipoproteinemia
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What lipid complication is characterized by increased LDL cholesterol?
Familial hypercholesterolemia
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What lipid complication is associated with other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, obesity, pregnancy, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatitis, alcoholism, and myxedema?
Secondary lipoproteinemia
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What hypolipoproteinemia is characterized by:
Total cholesterol: very low
Triglyceride: undetectable
LDL: absent
Apo B-100: absent
Abetalipoproteinemia
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What hypolipoproteinemia is characterized by:
Apo B-100: unable to synthesize
Apo B-48: unable to synthesize
Total cholesterol: low
Triglyceride: low-normal
Hypobetalipoproteinemia
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What hypolipoproteinemia is characterized by:
Triglyceride: severely elevated
HDL: low
Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
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What hypolipoproteinemia is characterized by:
HDL: absent
Apo A-I: very low
Apo A-II: very low
LDL: low
Total cholesterol: low
Triglyceride: normal-slightly elevated
Tangier disease
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What exist as short, medium, and long chains of molecules that are major consituents of triglycerides and phopholipids?
Fatty acids
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What is triglyceride formed from?
One glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid molecules attached via ester bonds
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How are triglycerides transported through the body?
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What does the metabolism of a triglyceride involve?
Releasing the fatty acids to the cells for energy, then recycling the glycerol into triglyceride
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Name things that can breakdown triglycerides
- Lipase
- Lipoprotein lipase
- Epinephrine
- Cortisol
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How does cholesterol exist?
- Exists in the esterified form (where a fatty acid forms an ester bond at carbon-3)
- Free (unesterified) form
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What is cholesterol a precursor for synthesis of?
- Bile acids
- Steroid hormones
- Vitamin D
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What is the primary carrier of cholesterol?
LDL
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What is phopholipid composed of?
One glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acid molecules attached via ester bonds
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Where are phopholipids found?
- Surface of lipid layers
- Major constituents of cell membranes and outer shells of lipoprotein molecules
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What are molecules that combine water insoluble dietary lipids and water-soluble proteins (apolipoproteins) so that lipids can be transported throughout the body?
Lipoproteins
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What are the largest lipoproteins and have the lowest density?
Chylomicrons
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What are formed in the intestines and transport triglycerides after a meal - giving the turbid appearance?
Chylomicrons
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Which is composed of:
86% Triglycerides
5% Cholesterol
7% Phospholipid
2% Apolipoprotein
Apoprotein B-48, A-I, C-I, C-II, C-III
Chylomicrons
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What carries endogenous triglycerides synthesized in the liver?
VLDL
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What is composed of:
55% triglycerides
19% cholesterol
18% phospholipid
8% Apolipoprotein
Apolipoprotein B-100, C-I, C-II, C-III, E
VLDL
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What is a transitional form, as it is formed from VLDL and then further modified in the liver to LDL?
IDL (Intermediate-density lipoprotein)
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What do IDL's have on their surface?
-
What is the body's major cholesterol carrier and transports a large amount of endogenous cholesterol?
LDL (Low density lipoprotein)
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What is composed of
55% cholesterol
22% phospholipids
6% Triglycerides
22% protein
Apolipoprotein B-100 on surface
LDL
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What does LDL do in normal lipid metabolism?
LDL bring cholesterol to peripheral cells for membrane synthesis and formation of adrenal and reproductive hormones
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What is known as "good cholesterol"?
HDL
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What is known as "bad cholesterol"?
LDL
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Where is HDL synthesized?
Intestine and liver cells
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What is composed of:
50% Protein
28% Phopholipid
19% Cholesterol
3% Triglycerides
Apolipoprotein A-I and A-II
HDL
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What does HDL do in normal lipid metabolism?
HDL removes excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transports it to other catabolic sites (antiatherogenic effect)
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What is composed of:
Cholesterol esters
Phospholipids
Apolipoprotein (a)
B-100
Lp(a)
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What are elevated levels of Lp(a) associated with?
- Increased risk for coronary heart disease
- Myocardial infarction
- Cerebrovascular disease
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