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(bone structure) 2 things bone structure allow for?
-provides strength to support the body
-allows for flexibility
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(bone structure) what percentage of minerals provide the hardness of bone?
65%
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(bone structure) What percent of oragnic structures provide bones for strength, durability, and lfiexibility?
35%
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What is collagen?
fibrous protein in bone tissue
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What are the two types of bone tissue?
-cortical bone (compact bone)
-trabecular bone (spongy bone)
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(2 types of bone tissue) Cortical bone (2)
-compact bone
-very dense tissue making up 80% of the skeleton
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(2 types of bone tissue) Trabecular bone (4)
-spongy bone
-scaffolding on the inside of bones
-supports cortical bone
-makes up 20% of the skeleton
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What 3 processes do bones go through to develop?
-bone growth
-bone modeling
-bone remodeling
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(processes for bone develop) Bone growth (3)
-increase in bone size
-completed by age 14 in girls
-completed by age 17 in boys
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(processes for bone develop) Bone modeling (2)
-shaping of bone
-completed by early adulthood
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(processes for bone develop) Bone remodeling
-reshaping of bone
-continuous remodeling that continues throughout life span
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What two processes happen for bone remodeling?
- -resorption
- *breaking surface of bones
-formation of new bone
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(processes for bone remodeling) What is resorption?
- surface of bones is broken down
- *by osteoclasts
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(processes for bone develop)(resorbtion) Osteoclasts
cells that erode the surface of bones
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(processes for bone develop) How does formation of new bone occur? (2)
- by cells called osteoblasts
- *they produce the collagen-containing component of bone
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When is peak bone density reached?
before age 30
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When does bone density start to decrease? and why?
after age 40 because the resorption exceeds new bone formation
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Which mineral is tthe most abunsdant in the body?
calcium
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4 functions of calcium
-form and maintain bones and teeth
-assists with acid-base balance
-transmission of nerve impulses
-assist in muslce contraction
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Sources of calcium (4)
-skim milk
-low fat cheese
-green leafy veggies
-nonfat yogurt
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what happens when taking in too much calcium
-it is excreted out
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Calcium supplements may lead to..
mineral imbalances
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2 thigns that happen by not consuming calcium?
- -hypoglycemia
- *low-blood calcium
-osteoporosis
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3 functions of phosphorus
-important for mineral composition of bone
-required for proper fluid balance
-component of ATP, DNA, membranes
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SOurces of phosphorus (3)
-high-protein containing foods (milk, meats, eggs)
-processed ffoods as food additive
-soft drinks as phosphoric acid
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Consuming too much phosphorus (3)
-excessive vitamin d supps. can lead to high phosphorous levels
-muscle spasms
-convulsions
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2 fucntions of magnesium
-mineral found in bone structure
- -nerve and heart function
- *muscle contraction
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Sources of magnesium (5)
-green leafy veggies
-whole grains
-seeds
-seafood
-beans
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What can magnesium supplements cause? (4)
diarrhea, nausea, cramps, dehydration
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Consuming too little of magnesium
- hypomagnesemia
- *can result in low blood calcium and osteoporosis
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2 fucntions of flouride
-development and maintenance of teeth and bones
-combines with calcium and phosphorus to protect teeth from bacteria
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2 sources of flouride
-flouridated dental products
-flouridated water
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Consuming too much fouride
-flourosis
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What is flourosis? (3)
-taking in too much flouride
-creates porous tooth enamel
-teeth become stained and pitted
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What if you dont consume enough flouride?
dental caries
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How is OSteoporosis characterized? (4)
-low bone mass
-deterioration of bone tissue
-fragile bones leading to bone fractures
-shorteining and hunching of spine
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Age factor AND osteoporosis (3)
-bone mass decreases with age
-age related hormonal changes influence bone density
-older adults are less able to absorb vitamin D
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Gender risk AND OSteoporosis (2)
- -estrogen loss in post menopausal
- *increases bone loss
- -women make up 80% of americans with osteoporosis
- *women have lower bone density
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Regular excersise AND OSteoporosis
-it helps increased bone mass to rpevent osteoporosis
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How can the progression of osteoporosis be slowed? (3)
adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
-regular exercise
-anti-resorptive medications
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4 minerals involved in energy metabolism
-iodine
-chromium
-manganese
-sulfur
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What is iodine critical for?
synthesis of thyroid hormones
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What do thyroid hormones regulate? (2)
-body temperature
-resting metabolic rate
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Sources of iodine (4)
-saltwater fish
-shrimp
-iodized salt
-dairy products
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Excess of iodine
-blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones
-thyroid tries to make more hormones
- -can result in goiter
- *enlarged thyroid
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Iodine deficiency
-results in hypothyroidism and goiter
-cretinism
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(iodine deficiency) Cretinism
mental retardation from iodine deficiency during embryonic development
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What does chromium do?
-assists insulin as it transports glucose from the blood into the cells
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good sources of chromium
mushrooms, prunes, dark chocolate, nuts, whole grains
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Chromium deficiency
inhibits glucose absorption by body cells
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What does manganese do ? (2)
-coenzyme involved in enrgy metabolism
-part of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismultase
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Good sources of manganese
whole grain foods, brown rice, pineapple, pine nuts, okra, spinach
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Toxicity of manganese
impairs the nervous system causing spasms and tremors
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What is sulfur required for?
detoxification of alcohol and drugs by the liver
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Amino acids AND sulfur
sulfur can be found in few amino acids
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What is a component of thiamin and biotin?
sulfur
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What is the only fluid tissue in the body?
blood
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2 functions of blood
-transport of oxygen and nutrients to cells
-removal of wastes from tissues
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4 components of blood
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-platelets
-plasma
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(components of blood) Erythrocytes
-RBC for transporting oxygen through the body
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(components of blood) Leukocytes
WBC of the immune system
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(components of blood) Platelets
cell fragments that assist in blood clotting
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(components of blood) Plasma
the fluid portion of the blood
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3 functions of iron
- -component of protein hemoglobin
- *carries oxygen in erythrocytes
-component of myoglobin which carries oxygen in muscle cells
-coenzyme involved in energy metabolism of macros
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Sources of iron
-meat, poultry, fish, clams, enriches cereal, breads
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What is heme iron?
found in animal based foods and more absorbable
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What is non-heme iron?
not easily absorbed
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Overconumption of iron (4)
-toxicity symptoms
- + risk of heart attack
- liver and heart damage in hemochromatosis
-constipation
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Iron deficiency
most common deficiency in world
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what results in iron deficient anemia?
iron deficiency results in small rbc that do not carry enough hemoglobin
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Functions of zinc
development and function of immune system
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sources of zinc
red meats, some seafood, whole grains, enriched grains and cereals
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can toxicity occur with zinc?
yes
intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomitting, loss of apetitie
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not consuming enough zinc
-uncommon
-growth retardation, diarrhes, delayed sexual maturation
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functions of copper
reuqired for iron transport
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sources of copper
organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole grain foods
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not consuming enough copper
anemia, reduced WBC, osteoporosis in children
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