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What is part of the integumentary system?
skin, nails, hair and cutaneous glands
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What are the functions of the skin?
- protection
- vitamin d production
- thermoregulation
- sensation
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How many types of bone cells are there?
4
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What are the 4 types fo bone cells?
- osteogenic
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
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What are osteogenic cells?
- type of stem cell
- continually reproduce and some go on to become osteoblasts
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Where are osteogenic cells located?
in the endosteum and periosteum
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What are osteoblasts?
bone-building cells
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what creates the matrix of bone tissue?
osteoblasts
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What lowers blood calcium levels with their activity?
osteoblasts
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What are osteocytes?
former osteoblasts that have completed their creation of the matrix and are now trapped in the matrix.
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Where do osteocytes reside?
in the lacuna
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What manages and maintains the bone tissue around them?
osteocytes
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What are osteoclasts?
- dissolve bone tissue
- free stored calcium
- raise blood calcium levels
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What is the matrix?
non-living material created by osteoblasts and managed by osteocytes
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What is matrix composed of?
- 1/3 organic (collagen)
- 2/3 inorganic (hydroxyapatite)
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What are compact bone tissue?
how the cells and matrix are arranged.
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What is an osteon?
structural unit of compact bone tissue
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What is a cylindrical structure composed of a central canal and cells and a matrix arranged around it?
osteon
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The central canal has blood vessels and nerves to provide what?
- nutrients
- waste removal
- communication for the cells of the osteon
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Osteocytes are arranged in a circle around the central canal and reside inside what?
the lacunae
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What are the lamellae?
the rings of matrix around the central canal
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What is the canaliculi?
The osteocytes are connected to each other and the central canal by numerous, small tunnels through the matrix
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Spongy bone tissue occurs in lace-like structures known as what?
trabeculae
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What is spongy bone tissue composed of?
collagen, hydroxyapatite and cells. no osteons
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What leads to hollow chambers between trabeculae where red bone marrow exists(homopoisesis) is what?
spongy bone tissue
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What is the stratum spinosum like?
- very thick zone
- composed mostly of keratinocytes
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What is the function of stratum spinosum?
- vitamin D production and protection
- dendritic cells are specialized
- macrophages that patrol the skin
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Keratinocytes that produce lipid granules are what?
stratum granulosum
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Where is stratum lucedum only found?
areas of thick skin
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What are stratum lucedum?
- many layers of flatened dead keratinocytes
- clear cells
- contribute to callouses
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Everything above what layer is dead?
stratum lucedum
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note: stratum lucedum is the layer that swells up and keeps water out. used to better grip things with hands/feet with when wet.
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The dry, protective layer of dead keratinocytes are what?
stratum corneum
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The stratum corneum soughs off on a regular basis and is replaced by what?
newer cells from below
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When you touch skin, what is the layer you are touching?
stratum corneum
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What does the dermis contain?
- mostly connective tissue
- lots of collagen and elastin
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What is elastin like?
tough, recoils, stretchy, rubbery feeling
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What are the 4 types of cutaneous sweat glands?
- merocrine
- apocrine
- sebaceous
- ceruminous
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Merocrine glands do what?
- use ducts to secrete sweat upon epidermis
- cools skin
- helps excrete some waste
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What secretes sweat like fluid in arm pit and groin area when aroused or scared?
apocrine gland
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Who has apocrine glands?
those who have reached puberty
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Where is the apocrine gland located?
hair follical shaft
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Where are sebaceous glands?
all areas where there is hair follicles
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Sebaceous glands secrete what?
an oily substance called sebum
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What is the purpose of the sebaceous gland?
to coat hair and substance to make it oily and smooth
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Where is the ceruminous gland located?
in the auditory canal of the ear
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What does ceruminous gland secrete?
cerumen
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What is in the Dermis?
- blood vessels
- hair and nails
- nerves
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What is the hypodermis composed of?
mostly adipose tissue and many blood vessels
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How many bones in the skeleton?
206
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What is the function of bone?
- support
- protect
- movement
- mineral storage
- blood formation (hemoposesis)
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What are the types of bones?
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
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Where are long bones found?
tibia, fibula, humerous, femur, phalanges
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Where are short bones found?
carpals, tarsals
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Where are flat bones found?
oxcosa, cranium, ribs, sternum
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Where are irregular bones found?
vertebrae, sphenoid, hyoid
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The epiphysis is what?
the end of a long bone
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the diaphysis is what?
the shaft of a long bone
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Where is red bone marrow found?
- between trabeculae of spongy bone
- where blood cell formation occurs (hemopoiesis)
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What is composed of adipose tissue and fills the marrow cavity?
yellow bone marrow
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What is the endosteum?
tissue that lines the marrow cavity of a long bone
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What is the hollow chamber within the diaphysis of a long bone?
marrow cavity
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What is compact bone?
- densely-packed bone tissue
- composed of cells and minerals
- provides strength
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What soft tissue surrounds the bone?
periosteum
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Strands of the lattice are called what?
trabeculae
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Spongy bone is what?
bone tissue composed of cells and minerals that extend in a lattice
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What does articular cartilage prevent?
bone on bone rubbing at joints
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What is articular cartilage?
hyaline cartilage around the epiphyses
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There are 3 layers of the skin. What are they?
- epidermis: outermost
- dermis: middle
- hypodermis: below or innermost layer
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The epidermis is composed to many layers of flat cells called what?
epithelial tissue
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Does the epidermis have blood?
no
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What is the fastest healing tissue in the body?
epidermis
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How many types of cells does the epidermis have?
5
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What are the 5 types of cells in the epidermis?
- Stratum Basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucedum
- stratum corneum
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What are the 3 types of cells in the basale? layer?
- keratinocyte
- tactile cells
- melanocytes
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The stratum basale is what?
- deepest, base layer
- only about 1 cell layer thick
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What is the most numerous type of cell in the epidermis?
keratinocyte
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In what zone do cells multiply to move up and replace older cells near the surface?
keratinocyte
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Are keratinocyte skin cells?
yes
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What is the function of keratinocyte?
as they age, they will flatten, and produce keratin
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What is keratin?
it is tough and provides many layers to protect underlying tissue
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What uses ultraviolet radiation to begin the production of vitamin D?
keratinocyte
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Tactile cells are sensitive to what?
stimulation of some type
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What detects pressure at the surface and stimulates fibers in the dermis?
Tactile cells
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What is melanin?
protein with a brown pigment to it,
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What do melanocytes produce?
melanin
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Melanin absorbs UV radiation and protects underlying tissues
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What are joints?
Areas where 2 bones articulate and interact.
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How can joints be classified by?
how they are built (structured) or how much movement they allow (function)
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What three types of joints are there?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
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What are fibrous joints?
Bones are held together tightly by numerous collagen fibers.
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What joints have very little to no movement?
fibrous joints
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What types of fibrous joints are there?
- sutures
- gomphosis
- syndesmosis
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Where are sutures?
in the skull
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Where are gomphosis?
teeth to bones
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Where are syndesmosis?
tibia to fibula
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What are cartilaginous joints?
bones that are held together by hyaline or fibrocartilage
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What joints have moderate movement?
cartilaginous joints
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What does synarthrosis mean?
little to no movement
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What does amphiarthrosis mean?
moderate movement
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What kinds of cartilaginous joints are there?
- synchondrosis(hylaine)
- symphyses (fibrocartilage)
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Where is synchondrosis found?
1st rib to sternum
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Where is symphysis found?
- between the pubis bones (pubic symphysis)
- between vertebrae
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What are synovial joints?
bone ends surrounded by a fluid filled cavity
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What joints are freely moveable?
synovial joints
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What does diarthrosis mean?
freely moveable
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What types of synovial joints are there?
- ball and socket
- hinge
- pivot
- plane
- saddle
- condylar
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note: you cannot flex a muscle, only a joint
y
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flexion
decrease angle of a joint
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extension
increase angle of a joint
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hyperextension
going beyond anatomical posistion
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How many skeletal muscles are in the body?
over 600
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What three types of muscle tissue are there?
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What is the function of the muscular system?
- movement
- stability
- control of body openings and passages
- heat production
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What three types of muscle tissue are there?
-
what are skeletal muscle tissues like?
- striated
- multinucleated cells
- voluntary
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What are cardiac muscle tissues like?
- striated
- branched
- intercalated discs between the cells
- involuntary
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What are smooth muscle tissues like?
- lacks striations
- involuntary
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where are smooth muscle tissues found?
within the walls of the digestive system, reproductive system, and blood vessels
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What are the 5 characteristics of muscle cells?
- excitable
- conductivity
- contractile
- extensible
- elastic
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What types of muscle tissues are in the muscle?
- epimysium
- perimysium
- endomysium
- tendon
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What enwraps the entire muscle and is often referred to as fascia?
epimysium
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What does the perimysium enwrap?
each fascicle
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What does the endomysium enwrap?
each muscle fiber(cell)
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What is a tendon?
- gathering of epimysium at the end of the muscle
- binds muscle to bone
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bundles of muscle fibers are what?
fascicles
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What are muscle fibers?
cells that are capable of contraction and relaxation
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To understand how a muscle cell can contract and relax we have to look at what?
its organelles and cytosol
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What is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell?
sarcolemma
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What are sarcolemma capable of conductiong?
electrical waves across its surface
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Along its outer surface, there are areas that contain special receptors needed for exciting the cell. What is this?
sarcolemma
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What is the smooth ER of a muscle cell called?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What does sarcoplasmic reticulum contain?
- calcium gates and calcium pumps in its walls.
- stores calcium ions
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What are the two transverse tubules in the muscle?
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What is a sarcolema?
lined tunnels from one side of the cell to the other
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What are myofilaments
collections of proteins in the cytosol
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What are some characteristics of myofilaments?
- occur in two varieties: thick and thin
- arranged in a staggered pattern
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The sliding of the myofilaments across each other is what causes what?
muscles to contract
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What is the neuromuscular junction?
area where nervous system interacts w/and stimulates the muscular system
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