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A person who experiences depressed mood and two other symptoms of depression for at least a 2-year period during which time the depressive symptoms do not remit for more than 2 months would be diagnosed as having:
dysthymic disorder.
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A subtype of depression in which the physiological symptoms of depression are particularly prominent is referred to as:
depression with melancholic features.
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Which of the following is characterized by severe depression and hypomania?
bipolar II disorder
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Bipolar disorder:
Less common than Unipolar Depression
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Which of the following is false in regards to the role that genetics play in mood disorders?
Family history studies have found that the first-degree relatives of people with unipolar depression are more likely to have either bipolar or unipolar depression.
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The part of the neuroendocrine system found to be hyperactive in people with depression is the:
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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The idea that life stress leads to depression by causing a reduction in positive reinforcers is known as
Lewinsohn and Gotlib's behavioral theory.
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Which of the following statements is true with regard to cognitive theories of mood disorders?
An internal-stable-global attributional style for negative events puts people at risk for depression.
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Physicians often do not prescribe _________ to treat patients who might be suicidal because an overdose would be fatal. Physicians must prescribe _________ very carefully because of their propensity to interact with a large number of everyday products such as cheese, red wine, or beer.
tricyclics; MAOs
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Which type of therapy for depression looks at four types of problems — loss of loved one, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and deficits in interpersonal skills?
interpersonal therapy
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Strategies to reduce the relapse rates of mood disorders include all of the following except:
regular PET scans to assess brain functioning.
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Which of the following statements is false in regards to suicide?
The rates of suicide are overestimated.
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The most likely method that a woman would use to commit suicide would be to:
poison themselves.
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Which of the following statements is true in regards to the differences among ethnic/racial groups in the rates of suicide?
European Americans have higher suicide rates than all other groups in the United States.
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The single best predictor of future suicidal thoughts and actions is:
a previous history of suicidal thoughts and actions.
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Suicide committed by people who experience severe disorientation because of a large change in their relationships with society is known as:
anomic suicide
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The phenomenon of clusters of suicide occurring non-randomly in space or time is referred to as:
suicide contagion.
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One problem with Freud's theory of suicide is that:
it is difficult to test and therefore hard to evaluate.
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The most common disorder among people who commit suicide is:
a mood disorder.
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The cognitive variable that has most consistently predicted suicide is:
hopelessness.
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Evidence that suicide runs in families:
has been gathered through twin and adoption studies.
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The medication(s) most consistently shown to reduce risk of suicide is/are:
Lithium
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Dialectical behavior therapy:
addresses individuals' difficulties in managing negative emotions.
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Studies of the effects of broadly based suicide prevention/education programs have suggested that:
they are not very helpful and might do harm.
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Suicide committed by people who feel that they are lacking in social contacts, alienated from other people, and alone in an unsupportive world is known as:
egoistic suicide.
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Anhedonia?
the inability to find pleasure in enjoyable activities. hobbies,activities,sex.
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Sub-types of Major depression?
- melancholic-inabilitiy to experience pleasure.
- Psychotic-Presence of depressing delusions
- Catatonic-excessive motor acti.disturb speech
- Atypical-positive mood reactions
- Postpartum-major depressive episode baby
- Seasonal Patter-atleast 2 years history.
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Prevalence of major depression across lifespan in US?
at least 16% will experience major depression
Occur in ages 18-29 and decline especially at 60.
85 increases- more due to the onset of cognitive disorder then just a depressive disorder.
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Rapid Cycling in Bipolar disorder?
Four or more cycles of mania and depression within 1 year.
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Neurotransmitters are most implicated in the development and maintenance of bipolar and major depression?
Low Serotonin and disregulation of dopamine
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What disorders are most often comorbid with different mood disorders?
- ·
- Bipolar:
- Comorbidity:
- anxiety, substance abuse, conducts disorders, gambling problems.
- Homicide, paranoia.
- Bipolar II:
- Comorbidity: substance abuse or dependence,
- anxiety disorders and personality disorders
- Cyclothymia:Comorbidity: panic disorder with
- agoraphobia, OCD, alcohol abuse, bulimia nervosa, as well as borderline and
- dependent personality disorders.
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Treatments for Mood Disorders?
- ·
- Major depression. Dysthymia:
-
- Psychotherapy: CBT best established
- -Increased physical activity
- -Increase effective socialization
- -Increase pleasurable activities
- -Keep mood diary, ID thoughts, distortions etc.
Psychopharmacology
- -Tricyclics and MAOIs
- -MAOI-Really easy to kill yourself on
- -Very important to assess family history of
- bipolar disorder before prescribing SSRIs
- -SSRIs (e.g Fluoxetine) moderately effective but
- some risks.
- -SNRIs (e.g
- Duloxetine Cymbalta) moderately effective with fewer side effects
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- Bipolar Disorder/Bipolar II/ Cyclothymia:
- Psychopharmacology:
- -Mood Stabilizers (Lithium)
-
- -Anticonvulsants (e.g Depakote, Tegretol,
- Lamictal)
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- -Atypical antipyschotics (e.g Resperdal, Zyprexa,
- Seroquel, Abilify)
-
- -Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy
- -Tracking and maintaining regularity of sleep exercise
- and eating schedules; develop coping strategies to decrease stress and
- emotional reactivity.
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Differences between egoistic, anomic and altruistic suicide?
Egoisitic-feel alienated by others.
Anomic-Experience severe deterioation because of a major change in their relationship to society.
Altruistic-Believe that taking their life will benefit society.
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