Lifespan Development Test 2

• loss of body fat
• need far fewer calories
• obesity is a bigger problem than malnutrition
• gross motor skills developing quickly

• loss of baby fat
• muscle growth
• body proportions change
• gain bone density and strength
• sensory organ abilities refined

• Myleins: coating that speeds up electrical impulses 
• this increases and leads to faster thinking

• certain functions occur mostly in one side of the brain
• corpus Callosum myelinates rapidly 
• important to not change a right handed kid to be left handed

• enables brain to plan, select, and coordinate thoughts
• helps kids to focus better
• curves impulsiveness, better sleep
• temper tantrum subside 
• emotions become more differentiated

• verbal competence
• speaking
• thinking
• process information sequentially

• non-verbal competence
• spatial relations
• music
• emotional expressiveness 
• process information globally

• the tendency to persevere in one thought or action
• why kids can't stop crying

kids aren't good at switching tasks because their brains only know how to fire neurons on and off and have trouble finding balance

• overeating can lead to picky eating 
• oral health is a problem in the US
• more nutrients=better self esteem

• Kids 1-6 (peak at 3) prefer
• having things done in a particular way such as bedtime/clothing/etc. 
• OCD tendencies tend to fade by middle school

• build immune system
• average preschooler has 7-8 minor illnesses annually

• tripled in the past 30 years
• obese kids tend to become obese adults

• cancer (Leukemia) is most common major illness
• family system is highly impacted
• children can develop phobias as a result of major illnesses

• asthma is most common 
• Impact of SES: low income live in poor housing which has more mold which causes asthma
• little kids have a hard time fathoming chronic illnesses 
• kids are more susceptible to mold at this age

• this is a reality at preschool age
• caregivers usually want a "quick fix"

• actions that change overall conditions to prevent unwanted circumstances 
• there isn't a problem yet

actions that avert harm in high risk situations/populations

changing things after a harmful event has happened

• leading cause of death for under 40
• Low SES equals more accidents

• it's rare
• its confined to individuals with mental illnesses 
• confined to low SES
• Children who were abused become abusers

intentional harm or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18

• Reported are just reported but substantiated are investigated and verified
• only 25% of reported are substantiated

failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

• injuries with no explanation
• choke/bike marks
• burns
• pain with no reason
• fear of adults
• fear of going home
• PTSD symptoms
• fearing physical contact
• unnecessary clothing

• developmental delays
• difficulties in peer interactions
• language delays
• increased aggressive acts

• unrealistic expectations
• more threats and punishments
• isolation
• lack of coping skills

• married to father
• stable home
• not poor
• therapeutic intervention

finding long term, stable home care for abused children

• a person's theory about what others may be thinking
• kids must understand that other people don't think their thoughts
• occurs at age 4 with verbal fluency and maturation of prefrontal cortex

children's attempts to explain everything they see by constructing theories

• 2-6
• operation means organized mental processes, logic, and reasoning
• symbol thinking
• mental reasoning

• focus on one aspect of stimulus and ignores all others
• why children think taller people are older

• realizing that quantity is unrelated to arrangement
• short glass/tall glass experiment

• a thing is whatever it appears to be
• girls with short hair might fear they've turned into boys

thinking things can never be undone or restored to the way they were prior to change

• whatever is now has always been that way
• there was no "in between" point A and B

• its all about me
• inability to take anothers perspective 
• imaginary friends/talking to oneself

• the belief that natural objects are alive
• talking to plants

• older people play role in cognitive development
• ZPD: the level at which a child can almost complete a task by themselves

temporary support given to increase a child's ZPD increasing their abilities

human interaction that advances understanding

• language explosion in 2-3 years
• telegraphic speech: 2-3 word phrases
• television does not aid language development
• fast-mapping: speedy and imprecise ways kids say too much too fast

applying rules of grammar to everything and ignoring exceptions

knowing two languages and not favoring one

• Vygotskyian
• stressing natural desire to learn through play and interaction

stress on academic subjects, less expensive

• Head Start; identifying at risk groups and funded by gov't
• often difficult because it is not carried into elementary school

children undertake new schools and if they cannot do that well then they feel like failures

• appearance, personality, gender, size
• identity and set of beliefs
• kids think theyre great at this age bc they don't always remember failures

kids think they are way smarter and more capable than they are

expressing emotional problems physically

• productive/enjoyable
• window into a child's world
• types differ between age and culture
• not good at sharing until 4-6
• environment/access to toys/parent involvement

• solitary: playing alone and unaware of others
• onlooker: watches kids play and asks questions but doesn't play themselves
• parallel: playing at the same time as another and with the same things but not engaging
• associative: sharing and mild interaction but not cooperating
• cooperative: playing and sharing together

• boys are rougher girls like to pretend
• birth order, family dynamic, gender roles

• Authoritarian: my way or the highway
• Authoritative: desire to involve children but still have clear boundaries
• Permissive: don't require much from kids, allow whatever, can be high in nurture
• Uninvolved: neglect

• actions that hurt others deliberately 
• antisocial behaviors decrease by 2-3 and should end by 5

• Freud: id
• evolutionary: fight to surive
• social learning: we are aggressive because of aggressive examples 
• we model people who are: confident, competent, same gender

• instrumental: hurtful behavior to get something someone else has
• reactive: impulsive retaliation
• relational: verbal attack on another
• bullying: unprovoked, repeated attacks on victims unlikely to defend themselves