-
-
physical
structures
Anatomy
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Physiology
•how physical structures function
-
•how physical structures function
Physiology
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Tissue
- group of similar cells that
- performs a common function
-
•group of similar cells that
performs a common function
tissue
-
•4 adult tissue types in humans (and pigs)
–epithelial
–nervous
–muscle
–connective
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–epithelial
–nervous
–muscle
–connective
•4 adult tissue types in humans (and pigs)
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Epithelial
Tissue
•Layer of closely packed cells
•Function – protection, secretion,absorption
•Lines outer or inner surfaces of body
–outer example = skin
–inner example = intestinal lining
•Forms glands
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•Layer of closely packed cells•Function – protection, secretion,absorption•Lines outer or inner surfaces of body–outer example = skin–inner example = intestinal lining•Forms glands
Epithelial tissue
-
Apical
side
- organization in epithelial tissue
- •faces away from other tissues and
- toward the environment
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organization in epithelial tissue•faces away from other tissues andtoward the environment
Apical Side
-
Basolateral side
organization in epithelial tissue
- •faces the animal's interior and is
- connected to other tissues
-
organization in epithelial tissue•faces the animal's interior and isconnected to other tissues
Basolateral side
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Nervous
Tissue
- •Cells = neurons
- •Conduct electrical signals
- Functions
- –Sense stimuli
- –Process stimuli
- –Transmit signals
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•Cells = neurons•Conduct electrical signalsFunctions–Sense stimuli–Process stimuli–Transmit signals
Nervous tissue
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Muscle
Tissue
- •Only tissue that is contractile (able to shorten)
- •Cell type = muscle fibers
- 3 types
- –Skeletal
- –Cardiac
- –Smooth
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•Only tissue that is contractile (able to shorten)•Cell type = muscle fibers3 types–Skeletal–Cardiac–Smooth
Muscle Tissue
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
- •Attached to bone
- •Produces all voluntary movements
- •(striped) pattern
- •Long thin multinucleated cells
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•Attached to bone•Produces all voluntary movements•(striped) pattern•Long thin multinucleated cells
Skeletal muscle
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CARDIAC MUSCLE
- •Only found in heart
- •Involuntary contractions produce
- heartbeat
- •(striped) pattern
- •Branched cells with single nuclei
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•Only found in heart•Involuntary contractions produceheartbeat•(striped) pattern•Branched cells with single nuclei
CARDIAC MUSCLE
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SMOOTH MUSCLE
- •Found in organs, blood vessels, and
- digestive tract
- •Involuntary contraction
- •Not striated
- •Cells spindle-shaped with single
- nuclei
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•Found in organs, blood vessels, anddigestive tract•Involuntary contraction•Not striated•Cells spindle-shaped with singlenuclei
Smooth Muscle
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Connective
Tissue
- •Cells embedded in a matrix
- •Matrix: liquid, jellylike, or solid extracellular substance
- •6 types
- –loose connective
- –fibrous connective
- –bone
- –cartilage
- –blood
- –adipose
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•6 types–loose connective–fibrous connective–bone–cartilage–blood–adipose
Connective tissue
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LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- •Cells = fibroblasts
- •Matrix = collagen and elastin fibers
- •Fibers are NOT tightly packed
- •Binds epithelia to other tissues
- •Holds organs in place and provides
- padding
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•Cells = fibroblasts•Matrix = collagen and elastin fibers•Fibers are NOT tightly packed•Binds epithelia to other tissues•Holds organs in place and providespadding
Loose connective tissue
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FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- •Cells = fibroblasts
- •Matrix = collagen fibers running in parallel
- •Forms tendons (muscle to bone
- connection) and ligaments (bone to bone connection)
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•Cells = fibroblasts•Matrix = collagen fibers running in parallel•Forms tendons (muscle to boneconnection) and ligaments (bone to bone connection)
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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BONE
- •Cells = osteocytes
- •Matrix = collagen fibers and calcium salts
- •Rigid connective tissue
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•Cells = osteocytes•Matrix = collagen fibers and calcium salts•Rigid connective tissue
Bone
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CARTILAGE
- •Cells = chondrocytes
- •Matrix = collagen
- and elastin fibers
- •Cushions joints
- •Forms structure of ears and nose
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•Cells = chondrocytes•Matrix = collagenand elastin fibers•Cushions joints•Forms structure of ears and nose
CARTILAGE
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BLOOD
- •Cells = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
- •Matrix = plasma
- •Carries oxygen and nutrients
- •Fights infection
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•Cells = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets•Matrix = plasma•Carries oxygen and nutrients•Fights infection
Blood
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ADIPOSE
- Small amount of matrix (collagen fibers)
- •Connects skin to underlying structures
- •Pads organs
- •Stores energy
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Small amount of matrix (collagen fibers)•Connects skin to underlying structures•Pads organs•Stores energy
adipose
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Organ
- •Structure with specialized function
- made of 2 or more tissues
- •Example: small intestine
-
•Structure with specialized functionmade of 2 or more tissues•Example: small intestine
Organ
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ORGAN
System
- •Group of tissues and organs that
- work together to perform a specific function
- •Example: digestive system
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•Group of tissues and organs thatwork together to perform a specific function•Example: digestive system
ORGAN System
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Homeostasis
- method that maintains proper chemical
- and physical conditions
-
method that maintains proper chemicaland physical conditions
Homeostasis
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Homeostasis
TYPES
Conformational homeostasis
Regulatory homeostasis:
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Conformational homeostasisRegulatory homeostasis:
Homeostasis TYPES
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FEEDBACK REGULATION
- •Common
- method to maintain homeostasis
- temp thing
-
•Commonmethod to maintain homeostasistemp thing
FEEDBACK REGULATION
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Body size
Most animals are large and multicellular
- •Single cells or small multicellular
- organisms
- –Nutrients
- and wastes transported across plasma membranes
-
SOLUTION TO LARGE BODY PROBLEM
•Increase surface area
- •Tissues with flat, folded, or branched structures.
- Tennis court lungs, n shit
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