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What are the two types of memory?
- 1) Primary memory
- 2) Secondary memory
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Primary memory:
memory for the immediate past or events that have recently been in consciousness
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Secondary Memory
knowledge of previous events that are not currently part of thought or attention
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The sense of self is defined by 3 components. What are they?
- Material self: everything we call our own
- Social Self: the recognition we get from other people
- Spiritual self: our inner or subjective being
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who was the first to examine the circumstances under which people feel good or bad about themselves?
James
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Self Esteem Equation as noted by James:
- Self-Esteem= Achievement/attempts
- so, you can imporve your self esteem by
- 1) improving performance at activities attempted
- 2) attempting less. lol
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion:
emotion is determined by experience of body's reaction to stimulus
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James's Legacy in Psychology (5 points)
- James' writing made psych more acceptable
- Explicitly incorporated Darwinism into psych
- Expanded the subject matter of psychology
- Encouraged expanded methodologies
- Pragmatism still a driving force in psych.
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Men Show greater trait variability than women
VARIABILITY HYPOTHESIS
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education thought to cause physical and emotional harm to women in what 2 ways?
disruption of menstrual cycle and disrution of maternal urge
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First woman president of APA
Mary Whiton Calkins
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Made contributions to memory research
Mary Whiton Calkins
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Conducted research on child labor
Helen Bradford Thompson
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What did Helen Bradford Thompson Wooley's findings on variablity hypothesis?
Found few differences in men and women. attributed differences to environment. Largely dismissed as feminine bias =(
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What did Leta Stetter Hollingworth's research on the Variability Hypothesis find?
- no differences in variability by gender
- Intellectual ability, sensation/perception, physical abilities not reduced during menstruation
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First African American to earn a PhD
Francis Cecil Summer
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Who was the first Black woman to earn a PhD (University of Cincinnati, 1933)
Inez Beverly Prosser
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Who received the first US PhD in Psychology?
Granville Stanley Hall
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1st American research psych lab
1st American psychology journal (American journal of Psychology, 1887)
Helped establish American Association
One of the 1st applied psychologists
Granville Stanley Hall
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Believed human development at individual level follows evolutionary development of species
Recapitulation Theory
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Pioneer of developmental/lifespan psychology
GS Hall
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Became first chair of psychology at the Un. of Chicago
Most work was in progressive education
John Dewey
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Progressive Education
- promoted student-centered learning rather than topic-centered learning
- coined the term "learning by doing"
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received honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, and Princeton but never finished his PhD
James Rowland Angell
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Tenents of Functionalism: 3
- 1) the task of functionalism is to discover how a mental process operates, what it accomplishes, and under what circumstances it occurs
- 2) mental processes mediate between the needs of the organism and the nature of the environment
- 3) functionalism recognizes no meaningful distinction between the mind and the body
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Functionalist approach- like others, critical of reductionist Stimulus-Response, thinking
Focus on Motivations and drives in causing behavior
Believed physiological-based mechanisms drives behavior
Dynamic Psychology (Robert Sessions Woodworth)
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Federal spending on education in 1870?
$63 million
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federal spending on education in 1915
$605 Million
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Three areas of applied psychology
- 1) Psychological Testing
- 2) Clinical Psychology
- 3) Industrial/Organizational Psychology
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______ & _______ of mental phenomena is perhaps the only topic fully within the confines of psychology.
Assessment and measurement
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taught first psychology class in statistics. used pearson's R, chi-square test, use of control group. developed order of merit ranking system
James McKeen Cattell
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who supervised more PhDs than any other psychologist
Cattell
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The most important psychology journals today
Psychological Review
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"Tell me what you are looking for, and I will tell you what you will find"
Alfred Binet
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Proposed that cognitive abilities should be studied directly rather than indirectly
Binet
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by the 19th century, the dominant belief was that all mental illness was rooted in _____ &_____ _________.
physiology & brain chemistry
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Reforms of the 19th century
- Moral therapy
- treating paitents normally
- encouraging social interaction
- focus on relationships
- individual attention
- education
- replaced confinement, maintained calm and order, relied on occupational therapy
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Reasons for increase in patients in asylums
civil war vets & immigration
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Dorthea Dix
Mental Hygiene movement
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Witmer's practice more closely resembled modern
school psychology
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Who is considered to be the Father of Clinical Psychology
Lightner Witmer
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Witmer: 3 Attributes of Clinical Psychology
- 1) A science-based experimental psychology can be useful in helping people
- 2) Psychology accepts the contributions of other disciplines (namely medicine and social work), but help can best be provided by profession independent of these other professions- and independet profession of psychology
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coinded the term clinical psychology
Witmer
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Father of Applied Psychology
Walter Dill Scott
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