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basic def of Parkinson's Disease (PD)
idiopathic destruction of the substantia nigra
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Parkinsonism def
PD type syndromes for non-idiopathic causes
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Parkinsons Plus syndromes
classic features fo PD w additional non-PD symptoms
are a group of neurodegenerative diseases featuring the classical features of Parkinson's disease (tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, postural instability) with additional features that distinguish them from simple idiopathic Parkinson's disease
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4 examples of parkinsons plus syndromes
- progressive supranuclear palsy
- corticobasilar degeneration
- multiple system atrophy
- alzheimer's disease?
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how to diagnose PD
- bradykinesia with atleast 2 of the following:
- limb muslce rigidity, resting tremor (abolished with movement), postural instability
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in diagnosing PD, need to eliminate these secondary causes for PD symptoms
- postencephaplitic parkinson's (a disease believed to be caused by a viral illness, that triggers degeneration of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra)
- drug induced
- toxic
- stroke
- trauma
- neoplasm
- other neurodegenerative conditions (Wilson's, Alzheimer's, Lewy Body dementia)
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the movement disorder PD affects _% of pop over 65 y/o, and it's the 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorder after__
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PD is due to an imbalance of __ and __ hormones
dopamine and acetylcholine
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in PD there's a loss of __% of __ porduction in the __
- 80-90
- dopaminergic
- substantia nigra
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Lewy Bodies
abnormal aggregates of protein that develop inside nerve cells in Parkinson's disease
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most important risk factor for PD?
age
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risk factors for PD
- age
- fam history
- male
- environmental exposure to herbicides and pesticides, metals, well water, farming, rural residence, wood pulp mills, steel alloy industries
- race (it's worse to be white)
- life experiences (trauma, stress -- shyness&depression?)
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there's an inverse correlation btwn PD and what 2 habits?
smoking & coffee
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methyl-phenyl tetrahydropyridine does what?
destroyes substantia nigra
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what's the genetic predisposition for PD?
- mutations n the gene for the protein alpha-synuclein
- located on chromosome 4
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4 theories on pathogenesis of PD
- oxidative damage --> impaired protection
- env toxins
- genetic predisposition
- advanced aging
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major neuropathologic findings in PD?
- loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (60-80% are lost before motor signs of PD emerge)
- synuclein-filled Lewy bodies within pigmented neurons of substantia nigra
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Lewy body pathology (appearing early in PD) begin where? this is associated with what? (ie, what are early signs of PD?)
- olfactory bulb and lower brain stem
- loss of sense of smell, and REM seep behavior disorder
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