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fatty acids
- *composition: hydrocarbons and carboxyl fcnl group
- *saturated/unsaturated
- *can vary in length
- *naming tells degree of saturation, configuration, dbl bonds, chain length
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CH3(CH2)10COOH
- Saturated
- n-Dodecanoic acid
- Lauric acid
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CH3(CH2)12COOH
- Saturated
- n-Tertradecanoic acid
- Myristic acid
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CH3(CH2)14COOH
- Saturated
- n-Hexadecanoic acid
- Palmitic acid
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CH3(CH2)16COOH
- Saturated
- n-Octadecanoic acid
- Stearic acid
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CH3(CH2)18COOH
- Saturated
- n-Eicosanoic acid
- Arachidic acid
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CH3(CH2)22COOH
- Saturated
- n-Tetracosanoic acid
- Lignoceric acid
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CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
- cis-9-Hexadecanoic acid
- Palitoleic acid
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CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
- cis-9-Octadecenoic acid
- Oleic acid
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CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
- cis-,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid
- Linoleic acid
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CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
- cis-,cis-,cis-9,12,15-Octadectrienoic acid
- α-Linolenic acid
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CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
- cis-,cis-,cis-cis-5,8,1,14-Icosatetraenoic acid
- Arachidonic acid
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Saturated Fatty Acids
- *high melting points
- *longer chain from diet->body cant synthesize
- *most common
- *have free rotation around C-C bonds
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Unsaturated Fatty acids
- *cis most popular conformation
- *lower melting points --> are oils, liquids
- *kinks in chain
- *weak interactions
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Triacylglycerols (TAGs)
- *fatty acid esters of glycerol
- *3 fatty acids(can vary) and 1 glycerol
- *storage form of fat
- *polar, insoluble in water, hydrophobic
- *cis configuration
- *provide stored long-term energy
- *provide insulation for hybernating/artic animals
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partial hydrogenation
used to increase shelf life
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trans-fatty acids
- *hazardous to health
- *formed when partially hydrogenated
- *increase heart risk
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lipases
can release fatty acids from glycerols when in need
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Waxes
- *esters of long-chain SFA and UFAs
- *water repellent in birds
- *minimize water evaporation in plants
- *used to produce lotions, polished, etc
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Membrane lipids
- polar head and nonpolar tail
- arranged tail to tail-hydrophobic intereior
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Phospholipids
- phosphatidic acid -H
- phosphatidylethanolamine -CH2CH2NH3+
- phosphatidylcholine -CH2CH2N(CH3)3+
- phosphatidylserine -CH2CH(COO-)N(CH3)3+
- phosphatidylglycerol -CH2CH(OH)CH2OH
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glycerophospholipids
- *glycerol-3-phosphate is the backbone
- *Sn-2 and Sn-2 = fatty acids
- 1 usually saturated, 2 usually unsaturated
- *Sn-3 polar/charged group attached via phosphodiester linkage
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either linked glyerophospholibids
- *one of the fatty acids are either linked to glyercol
- *abundant in heart tissue
- *fcn unknown
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glactolipids
- *1 or 2 galactose residues are connected by a glycosidic linkage
- *in thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts
- *70-80% of membrane lipids in plants
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Sphingolipids
- 2 fatty acids, 1 polar head (no glycerol)
- ceramide: fcnl unit of all sphingolipids
- Ex: glucosylsides, globosides, gangliosides
- little is known about their fcn besides:
- *dictate blood type
- *cell suface receptors
- *induce differentiation of neuronal tumor cells
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Sterols
- lipid with steroid nucleus and 4 fused rings
- Cholesterol main sterol
- polar head group, nonpolar hydrocarbon body
- hormone signaling molecule
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passive vs active lipids
- passive: storage and structural
- active: hormones, signaling molecules, cofactors, pigment molecules, natural colorants, communication signals
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Eicosanoids
- derived from arachidonic acid (20:4)
- NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal antiinflamitory drugs
- Prostaglandins: cause inflamation, pain, fever
- Thromboxanes: produced by platelets, form blot clots, decrease blood flow
- Leukotrienes: decrease air flow
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Steroid hormones
- derived from cholesterol
- Testosterone: testies, male sex
- estradiol: ovaries, female sex
- Cortisol: adrenal cortex, stress hormone
- aldosterone: adrenal cortex, restore blood osmilarity
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Vitamin D
- fat soluble
- maintain calcium homeostasis
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Vitamin A
- Retinol (eye)
- Retinoic Acid: controls gene transcription, helps epithelial tissue development
- Retinal: recognizes light
- β-catotene: converted to retinol
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Vitamin E
- biological antioxidants
- protect membrane lipids from oxidation
- destroys reactive oxygen species
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