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anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture
symbol
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the tangible objects that members of a society make, use and share
material culture
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the shared set of meanings that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world.
nonmaterial culture
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Characteristics of culture. Culture is....
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-
-
-
- -Learned
- -Transmitted from one generation to the next
- -Shared
- -Adaptive and always changing
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a system o f shared symbols that enables people to communicated with one another
Language
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The standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly.
Values
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a society's specific rules concerning right and wrong behavior
Norms
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Norms that members of a society (or a group within a society) see as not being critical for society's survival and that, consequently, are not severely punished when violated
Folkways
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Characteristics of Norms. Norms are...
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-
-
-
-
-
- -unwritten
- -instrumental
- -explicit
- -change
- -conditional
- -rigid
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Norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior
Mores
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the lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective participation in a society.
Socialization
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The process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we accept them without question.
Internalization
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A theoretical perspective that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of animals, including human beings.
Sociobiology
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The process of learning a role that does not yet apply.
Anticipatory Socialization
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The individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us what is needed to know to participate effectively in society.
Agents of socializations
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The process by which we act toward and react to people around us
Social Interaction
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An organized pattern of bahavior that governs people's relationships
social structure
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A social position that a person occupies in a society
status
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a collection of social statuses that a person occupies at a given time
status set
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a social position that a person is born into
ascribed status
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a social position that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily.
achieved status
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An ascribed or achieved status that determines a person's identity.
master status
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the behavior expected of a person who has a particular status
role
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the different roles attached to a single status
role set
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the frustrations and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses.
role conflict
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the stress that arises from incompatible demands among roles within a single status
role strain
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two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity and a sense of belonging.
social group
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a relatively small group of ppl who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period
primary group
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a large, usaully formal, impersonal and temporary collection of ppl who pursue a specific goal or activity.
secondary group
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a group of ppl who shape our behavior, values, and attitudes
reference group
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A tendency of in-group members to fonform without critically testing which results in narrow view of issue
groupthink
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a web of social ties that links an individual to others
social netork
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formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks through efforts of a large number of ppl in the most efficient and rational way possible
bureacracy
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