World History Midterm Ch. 17

• 1756-1763
• War between Britain and France
• Fought not only in Europe but in the Americas, West Africa, and South Asia

The notion that humans could improve their political and social conditions by action was very radical in the 18th century and at the heart of Enlightenment

• Authority to govern comes from the people
• This is an important political argument of the Enlightenment

Scholars questioned whether this revolution was a revolution at all, because it was a reaction to new exactions from Britain, rather than an effort to gain new liberties

• All free men had the same legal status
• This situation was very radical by European standards of the time

Its series of checks and balances, separation of church and state, federalism, and Bill of Rights was a sweeping early effort to practice what the Enlightenment preached

• King Louis XVI, in dire financial straits, called a session of the Estates General
• The 3rd estate claimed an authority and made demands

• It was much more violent and radical than its American counterpart
• It caused profound social change

• This king and queen of France were executed in 1793
• It marked a new stage of revolutionary violence in France

A fortress, prison, and armory in Paris

• By conquest
• In the early 19th century, France conquered a number of European states, introducing revolutionary ideas to the regions they defeated

This French national leader imposed revolutionary practices such as religious toleration and the rationalization of government administration through much of Europe

This revolution began with a massive slave revolt in 1791 after rumors circulated that the French king had abolished slavery

• He was the leader of the Haitian Revolution
• He was a former slave

In 1825, the French forced Haiti to agree to pay a massive "independence debt" that was a financial burden on the state for over a century

• Led a major peasant rebellion in Mexico in 1810
• They were crushed by an army raised by creole landowners with support from the Church hierarchy

They sought refuge in their colony of Brazil when Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1808

A political view that argued that all people born in the Americas have a common cause against European-born enemies

They were the chief beneficiaries of Spanish America's revolution, becoming the leaders of colonial society rather than overthrowing it

• Great movement to end slavery
• It developed from the ideas and practices of the Atlantic revolutions

• Brazil
• Slaves were emancipated in 1888

• Came to work in the Americas in the 19th century
• The abolition of slavery left owners desperate for workers in mines and on plantations
• Most were brought in to work on sugar plantations, in mines, and in construction projects, where they labored under conditions very similar to slavery

• They suffered legal restrictions, racism, and economic hardship
• One historian said, freed slaves won "nothing but freedom." They didn't receive anything close to political equality and suffered severe economic hardship

• It was only outlawed gradually in the 20th century under international pressure
• Islamic world didn't experience a large-scale abolition movement

People's most important loyalties were local, limited to their clan, village, or region

• The idea of the "nation" was constructed in the 19th century, but it was often imagined as a reawakening of older cultural identities
• Nationalist leaders drew on history, culture, and collective memory to articulate and shape their nations

• Political view that identifies the nation with a particular territory and maintains that people of all cultural backgrounds can assimilate into the dominant culture
• Sees nations as "melting pots"

• Emerged as a major force in Europe and North America in the 19th century
• A reason it emerged is because the Enlightenment had challenged many traditional notions, including the one that women are intrinsically inferior

The 1st organized women's rights conference took place here

Feminist leader who published a Women's Bible that left out all the parts she found offensive