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True or False: All sensory pathways synapse in the thalamus.
- False
- (the olfactory pathway does not synapse in the thalamus)
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What are the subcomponents of the diencephalon as seen in the adult brain?
- epithalamus (pineal and habenula)
- thalamus (dorsal thalamus)
- hypothalamus
- subthalamus (ventral thalamus)
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What is the interthalamic adhesion?
- it is the only connecting point between the two thalami in each hemisphere
- it is a variably present fusion of some of the midline nuclei
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What structure lies between the posterior poles of the thalami?
pineal gland
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What comprises each of the 4 surfaces of each thalamus?
- lateral surface: bounded by white matter of internal capsule
- medial surface: 3rd ventricle (hypothalamic sulcus separates thalamus and hypothalamus)
- superior surface: in subarachnoid space of transverse cerebral fissure, choroid plexus
- inferior surface: anteriorly hypothalamus, posteriorly subthalamus and midbrain
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What is the posterior part of the thalamus called?
pulvinar
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What are the sensory nuclei of the thalamus and their respective representations?
- ventral posterior medial (VPM): somatosensory from face
- ventral posterior lateral (VPL): somatosensory from the body
- lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN): visual
- medial geniculate nucleus (MGN): auditory
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What are the motor nuclei of the thalamus and their respective associations?
- ventral anterior (VA): basal ganglia, cerebellum
- ventral lateral (VL): cerebellum, basal ganglia
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What are the limbic nuclei of the thalamus and their respective associations?
- anterior (A): mammillary bodies
- medial dorsal (MD): hypothalamus
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What are the association nuclei of the thalamus?
- lateral dorsal (LD)
- lateral posterior (LP)
- pulvinar (P)
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What are the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus?
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Which structure separates the thalamus into anterior, medial, and lateral parts?
internal medullary lamina
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What part of the thalamus can be considered a continuation of the periaqueductal grey?
midline nuclei
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Outputs from the thalamus project through which structure to reach the cortex?
internal capsule
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Which thalamic nuclei are involved in the maintenance of rhythmic, sleep-wake cycles?
intralaminar thalamic nuclei
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What are the connections of the ventral anterior thalamic nuclei?
- inputs: globus pallidus (cerebellum)
- outpus: premotor and supplementary motor (motor and premotor)
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What are the connections of the ventral lateral thalamic nuclei?
- inputs: cerebellum (globus pallidus)
- outpus: motor and premotor (premotor and supplementary motor)
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What are the connections of the VPL and VPM thalamic nuclei?
- input: somatosensory
- output: sensory cortex
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What are the connections of the LGN thalamic nuclei?
- input: visual
- output: sensory cortex
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What are the connections of the MGN thalamic nuclei?
- input: auditory
- output: sensory cortex
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What tracts are contained within the internal capsule?
- (projection fibers)
- corticospinal
- corticobulbar
- corticothalamic
- thalamocortical (both limbs of internal capsule)
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What do radiations of the anterior limb of the internal capsule connect?
- medial and anterior thalamic nuclei
- frontal cortex
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What do radiations of the posterior limb of the internal capsule connect?
- ventral thalamic nuclei
- precentral (motor) and postcentral (somatosensory) gyri
- corticobulbar tract
- corticospinal tract
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What do radiations of the retrolenticular formation of the internal capsule connect?
- LGN
- primary visual cortex (occipital cortex: calcarine fissure)
- (Meyer's loop, optic radiation)
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What do radiations of the sublenticular formation of the internal capsule connect?
- MGN
- anterior transverse temporal gyrus (primary auditory cortex)
- (auditory radiation)
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