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Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying organisms
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define binomial nomenclature
when each species is assigned a two part scientific name
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what are 2 reasons that scientific names, instead of common names, help scientist to communicate about organisms
- 1. because common names are sometimes confusing and its easier to understand scientific names
- 2. animals can have multiple names and two organisms can have the same name
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what are the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest?
- Kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
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what is the relationship between evolution and taxonomy?
taxonomy is based on evolutionary relationships
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chadogram - be able to draw/label a diagram
check drawing
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dichotomous Key - define, limitations and use one to identify and object
a method to classify and identify and unknown organism
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Domain: Bacteria
- Kingdom: Eubacteria
- number of cells: single cell
- cell structures: no nucleus, cell wall peptidoglycan
- Mode of nutrition: autotroph or heterotroph
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Domain: Archaea
- Kingdom: archaebacteria
- Number of cells: 1 cell
- Cell structures: nonucleus, cell walls
- mode of nutrition: autotroph or heterotroph
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Domain: Eukarya(nucleus)
- kingdom:animalia
- number of cells: multi-cellular
- cell structures:nucleus - no cell wall
- mode of nutrition: heterotroph
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Domain: Eukarya
- Kingdom: Fungi
- number of cells:multi-cellular few single cell
- cell structures:nucleus - cell wall of chitin
- Mode of nutrition:heterotroph
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domain: Eukarya
- Kingdom:plantae
- Number of Cells:multi-cellular
- cell structures:cell walls of cellulose - chloroplasts
- mode of nutrition:autotroph
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Domain: Eukarya
- Kingdom:protista
- Number of Cells:unicellular
- cell structures:cell walls of cellulose - chloroplasts
- mode of nutrition:autotroph or heterotroph
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In 1730s __________ developed a naming system called _________ ____________.
- Carolous Linnaeus
- binomial nomenclature
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Binomial nomenclature - each species is assigned ____ _____ scientific name
First part of the name refers to the ______
second part of the name is ______ to each _______
two-part
genus
unique, species
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just as a genus is a group of similar species, a _______ is a group of similar genera.
family
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an ______ is a group of similar families
order
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a ______ is a group of similar orders
class
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a ______ is a group of similar classes
phylum
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a ______ is a group of similar phyla
kingdom
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what is the science of naming and grouping organisms called
systematic
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modern systematists try to group organism based on ________
similarities
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what is the correct way to write scientific names in the binomial nomenclature system
genus with capital letter first, then species with lower case letter
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the goal of systematics is to organize living things into groups called _______, that have biological meaning.
taxa
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the largest taxonomic category in the Linnaean syustem of classification is the _________ while the smallest is the ________species
kingdom
species
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similar classes are grouped into a(n) ________ and similar orders are grouped into a(n) _________
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the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called ____________
phylogeny
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classification based on evolutionary relationships is called?
phylogenetic systematics
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The ______ the ______ the further back in time all of its msmbers shared a ____________ __________
larger, taxon
common ancestor
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a clade is a group of species that includes a _________ and all ________ of that ancestor
single common ancestor
descendants
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a _________ must include all species that are descended from a common ancestor and cannot include any species that _________ from that common ancestor
cladogram
are different
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a ______ is a diagram that shows how species and higher taxa are related to each other.
cladogram
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a cladogram shows how evolutionary lines or lineages branched off from ______ _______.
COMMON ancestors
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in a cladogram, the place wehter the ancestral lineage splits is called a ______
Node
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nodes represent the point where the new lineages last shared a ______ ________
common ancestor
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the bottom of teh diagram or the root represents the ______ _______ shared by all of the organisms on the _________
common ancestor
cladogram
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all organisms have _______
DNA
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how did Darwin's theory of evolution change the way biologist thought about classification categories
- before was based on physical appearance
- after based on relationships
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which group of organisms would have the most recent common ancestor; members of the clade corresponding to a genus opr the members of a clade corresponding to an order? Explain your answer
the genus because they are more closely related to each other
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all species descended from a(n) _______ are part of a monophyletic group
phylogen
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______ is the study of how living things and extinct organisms are related to one another
phylogeny
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a clade includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants, living or _______
non-living
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a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms is called a(n) _________ ________
phylogenic systematics
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the place where the ancestral lineage splits on a cladogram is called a fork or a(n) ________.
Clade
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characteristics shared by members of a clade and only by members of that clade are called _________
node
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