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What is the water distribution in the body?
50-65%
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Whatis osmosis?
Osmosis is the moving of water from a high concentration gradient to a lower one to gain equalibrium
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If the solution is hypotonic what would the cell do?
It will swell like a hippo
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If the solution is hypertonic what would the cell do?
It would shrivel up
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What are the key functions of water in the body?
- Cleans
- Blood volume
- Hydrolysis reactions
- temperature control
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What are the two ways water helps regulate body temperature?
- 1 - sweat evaporation
- 2 - it has a high heat capacity (specific heat) so it is resistant to temperature changes.
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how does the body regulate water balance with the antidiuretic hormone?
The angiotensin system
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why does drinking alcohol increase water loss from the body?
it blocks the anti-diuretic hormone.
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What condition will cause dehydration?
- losing more water than you take in
- Sweat
- Diarrhea
- vomiting
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What are the symptoms of dehydration?
- dry mouth and skin
- fatigue and muscle weakness
- reduced urine output
- deep yellow urine
- headache and dizziness
- lower blood pressure
- increased heart rate
- kidney failure
- seizures
- delirium
- coma
- death
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What conditions will cause water intoxication?
Too much input, not enough output.
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What is the larges contributor to sodium intake in the US?
Processed foods
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Why are processed foods usually higher in sodium?
Preservatives, flavor, and tag-alongs
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What foods are low in sodium?
almost all unprocessed foods
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What is the bioavailability of sodium?
almost all consumed is absorbed
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How is excess sodium excreted?
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What are the three main functions of sodium in the body?
- water balance
- absorption of glucose and some amino acids
- Required for muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction
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Where is the majority of sodium found in the body?
Outside the cell
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What type of charge does the sodium ion have?
Positive
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What conditions can cause a sodium deficiency?
Nephrotic Syndrome
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What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
- headache
- blurred vision
- muscle cramps
- convulsions
- death
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What are the concerns with excessive sodium intake?
- Hypertension
- increase Ca+ loss in urine
- Kidney stones
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What food groups are generally high in potassium?
- Potatoes
- spinach
- oranges (juice)
- Milk
- bananas
- squash
- tomatoes
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What does processing generally do to the potassium levels in foods?
Decreases it
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What are the major functions of potassium in the body?
- Nerve function
- muscle contraction
- Fluid balance
- Associated with lowering blood pressure
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Where is the majority of the potassium in the body found?
Inside the cells
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What charge does potassium have?
Positive
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What are the health concerns with a low potassium intake?
- hypokalemia
- weakness
- fatigue
- constipation
- and irregular heartbeat
- Raise blood pressure
- increase risk of having a stroke
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What conditions can cause a potassium deficiency?
- Some diuretic medicines that treat hypertension
- Very low dietary intake
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What conditions may cause hyperkalemia?
Poor kidney function
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Hyperkalemia
high potassium levels in the blood
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Hypokalemia
low potassium levels in the blood
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What provides most of the chloride in the dietary intake?
Table Salt
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What are the major functions of chloride in the body?
- fluid balance
- component of HCl
- nerve transmission
- transportation of CO2
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What type of charge does chloride have?
negative
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What conditions can lead to a chloride deficiency?
nutrient poor diet coupled with bouts of vomiting
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what are the health qconcerns with excessive chloride intake?
increased blood pressure
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What food group provides a good bioavalable source for Ca+?
Dairy
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What lowers the bioavalability of Ca?
The presence of Oxalic acid
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What increases the absorption of Ca?
- Vitamin D and Lactose, when eaten with other foods
- Not taking more than 500mg at a time
- More acid
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How much dietary Ca is usually absorbed for non-pregnant adults, pregnant women, and children?
- Non-pregnant: 25-30%
- pregnant: 75%
- Children: 75%
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What are the two main types of Ca supplementation?
- Calcium salts
- Calcium carbonate
- Calcium Citrate does not require acid for absorption
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What is the concern with using oyster shell and bone meal as a Ca supplement?
they are not bioavailable
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Do low blood calcium levels indicate a poor dietary intake of Ca?
No, if there is not enough Ca in the blood and there is inadequate intake then Ca will be taken from the bones
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How does the body lower high blood Ca levels?
Thyroid gland releases calcitonin
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How does the body raise low blood Ca?
Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone
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