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Studies the structure (form) of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Anatomy
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Concerns the function of the body and how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
Physiology
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Study of the cells of the body.
Cytology
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Study of the tissues of the body.
Histology
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Organ systems
- Integumentary (skin)
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Endocrine
- Nervous
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive (male and female)
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Properties of life
- Boundary maintenance
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
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Survival needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Temperature
- Atmospheric pressure
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Coined homeostasis
Cannon (1900s)
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Recognized that there were stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions
Bernard (1800s)
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Components of homeostatic control mechanisms
- Receptor
- Integrator
- Effector
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Negates or reverses direction of change
Negative feedback
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Amplifies change
Positive feedback
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Main body cavities
- Ventral (viscera, guts):
- -Thoracic (heart, lungs)
- -Abdominal (small intestine, stomach)
- -Pelvic (urinary bladder, reproductive organs)
Dorsal (central nervous system; brain, spinal cord)
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Father of Medicine
Hippocrates (Hippocratic Oath, there is a reason people get sick, not gods' fault)
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Hippocratic Oath
"do no harm" "no further harm"
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What is the key to science?
observation
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Who fathered "physiologie" and theorized that disease came from natural causes?
Aristotle
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Wrote the first medical text; believed in questioning authority.
Galen
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Muslim that also wrote medical text.
Avicenna
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Published accurate gross anatomy atlas.
Vesalius
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Realized blood flows out from heart and back in.
Harvey
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What allows science to progress and detects outside human limitations?
Technology
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Looked at lake water through microscope.
Leeuwenhoek
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Invented first simple microscope
Leeuwenhoek
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Coined the term "cells"
Hooke
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Improved the microscope.
Hooke and Zeiss
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Term for monastery cubicles
"cellulae"
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New habits of reasoning and logic; noticed things and began inferring (2 people)
Bacon (inductive) & Descartes (deductive)
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In science, ___ and ___ are tentative.
proof & truth
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Science produces ___, ___, and ___ information about nature.
reliable, objective, and testable
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What does it mean when something is "reliable"?
You can count on it.
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What does it mean when something is "objective"?
There is a removal of bias.
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What does it mean when something is "testable"?
Something can be quantified, measured.
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McLean vs. Arkansas Board of Ed; schools now teach that science is...
- 1. Guided by natural law
- 2. Explanatory by reference to natural law
- 3. Tested against the observable world
- 4. Conclusions are tentative (not the final word)
- 5. Falsifiable
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Forming a ___ is central to science.
Hypothesis
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What does it mean when something is "falsifiable"?
If it is false, then this can be shown by observation or experiment.
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How much you can infer to the general public
Statistical testing
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High formation of multiple facts.
Laws
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Highest form of understanding and explanation.
Theory
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Two members of the same ___ can procreate with each other.
Species
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Change in genetic composition; unifies many observations
Natural selection
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Involves genetic fitness
Adaptation
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A change over time.
Evolution
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How old is the earth?
4.6-4.7 billion years old
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A good hypothesis is both ___ and ___.
consistent and testable
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