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What are the 4 layers of the GIT?
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa
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What are the 2 types of ganglia in the enteric NS?
- Myenteric plexus
- Submucosal plexus
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What are the 2 classifications of neurohormones (3 interchangeable words per classification)?
- Intrinsic/endogenous/peptides
- Extrinsic/exogeneous/non-peptides
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List the 11 peptides.
- CGRP
- CCK
- Enkephalins
- Substance P
- Enteroglucagon
- Gastrin-releasing peptide
- Gastrin
- VIP
- Galanin
- Motilin
- Somatostatin
-
List the 4 non-peptides.
- Ach (acetylcholine)
- NO
- ATP
- 5-HT (serotonin)
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What does gastrin stimulate?
- Gastric secretion
- Mucosal growth
-
What does CCK stimulate?
- Pancreatic enz secretion
- Gallbladder contraction
-
What does secretin stimulate?
Pancreatic bicarb secretion
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What are the 3 areas of the monogastric stomach and their roles?
- Fundus - store, gases
- Corpus - mix
- Antrum - propel
-
What is MMC and what are it's 3 phases?
Migrating Myoelectric Complex - SI motility
- 3 Phases:
- 1. Quiescent Period
- 2. Irregular Contraction
- 3. Regular Contraction
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Name the epithelial cells present in the esophagus, stomach, SI and LI.
- Esophagus - stratified squamous
- Stomach - cuboidal
- SI - columnar
- LI - crypts
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What are the 4 GIT functions?
- Motility
- Secretion
- Digestion
- Absorption
-
What are the 4 salivary glands?
- Zygomatic
- Sublingual
- Parotid
- Mandibular
-
What is saliva composed of?
-
What are the exocrine secretions of the pancreas?
-
What are the endocrine secretions of the pancreas?
-
What 2 cells control exocrine secretions in the pancres?
- Acinar cells - proenz, enz
- Ductular cells - Bicarb
-
What 2 pathways are acinar and ductular cells a part of?
Fat/AA --> CCK --> Acinar cells --> Enz
H+ --> Secretin --> Ductular cells --> Bicarb
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What is bile composed of?
- Bile acids
- Bilirubin
- Water, electrolytes
-
What are the 4 types of digestion?
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- Enzymatic
- Microbial
-
What 3 levels increase SA?
- Kerckring folds (3X)
- Villi (10X)
- Microvilli (20-30X)
-
What are the 5 types of epithelial cells?
- Columnar absorptive cells
- Mucous (goblet) cells
- Enteroendocrine cells
- Paneth cells
- Undifferentiated columnar cells
-
List the 6 steps of Digestion/Absorption of Fates
- 1. Bile salts emulsify fats
- 2. Pancreatic lipase converts fats to FFAs/monoglyceride
- 3. Micelle formation
- 4. Diffusion into cells
- 5. Absorption of chylomicron to lacteal
- 6. Absorption of bile salts in ileum
-
Trace blood through the splanchic circulation starting at the heart.
- Heart
- Aorta
- Mesenteric Artery OR Hepatic Artery
- Pancreas/SI/LI OR Liver
- Mesenteric Vein
- Portal Vein
- Liver
- Peripheral Tissues OR Vena Cava
- Heart
-
What are Kupffer cells?
Macrophages in the liver
-
What is the composition of bone?
- 45% Ash
- 35% Organic Matter
- 20% Water
-
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that synthesize and secrete proteins to form organic matrix of bones
-
What are osteocytes?
- Osteoblasts entrapped within bone matrix (lacunae).
- Revert back to osteoblasts as bone matrix dissolves.
-
What are osteoclasts?
Macrophages of bone tissue, responsible for resorption
-
What are chondrocytes?
Cells that form cartilage
-
Define periosteum?
Membrane that lines outer surface of bone
-
- 1 & 3. Osteoblasts
- 2. Osteocytes
- 4. Osteoclasts
- 5. Bone Matrix
-
What are the functions of bones?
- Protection of organs
- Locomotion
- Defense/Offense
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