Nutrition 1020

• Immediate carbohydrate energy &/or glycogen storage (Liver & Muscle).

• Brain, central nervous system (CNS), & red blood cell (RBC) function (liver glycogen).

– Requires a minimum of 100-150 grams carbohydrate day(continuous).

• Muscle functioning (muscle glycogen).

• Fat synthesis (excess energy intake).

• The storage form of glucose, “animal starch”.

• Made from dietary carbohydrate sources.

– All carbohydrate is converted to glucose then stored as glycogen or used immediately.

**Diets should be planned to meet the 45-65%of Calories AMDR & minimally the DRI for carbohydrate (130 gm/day for adults).

best.

Carbohydrate is protein sparing.

• • The Liver (100 grams; 400 Calories).
• – Is used for blood sugar (glucose) regulation.

• The Muscle (1-4 grams/100 grams of muscle).

• – The level increases with high carbohydrate diets & exercise.
• – Is used for the working muscle.

• By hormones that are produced in the pancreas.

• The hormones effect the liver & muscle cells.

• – Insulin: decreases blood sugar levels.
• – Glucagon: increases blood sugar level.

• Lactose Intolerance & Lactose Mal-digestion

• Hypoglycemia

• Diabetes

• Lactase deficiency (completely missing in“intolerance” while low activity/levels in “mal-digestion”) is strongly tied to evolution with several gene mutations identified.

Gas, bloating, cramps, diarrhea.

lactaid.

• • Consume yogurt with live cultures
• • Consume aged cheese OR
• • Avoid dairy products

digest milk sugar(lactose) not an allergic reaction to milk protein (casein).

immune reaction & involves antigens & antibodies.

– Antibody: Protein structures produced by immune cells that inactivate antigens(allergens).

– Antigen (allergen): Foreign protein substances that elicit an immune reaction.

the respiratory tract, GI distress &/or hives.

Blood sugar levels drop after eating sugar.

– Too much insulin is secreted in response to sugar consumption. Hyperinsulinemia.

Liver stores of glycogen are depleted, the ability to maintain blood sugar is diminished.

– Happens to everyone in between meals or when food has not been consumed. 4-6 hours during the day, 10-12 hours with sleep.

Low blood sugar from a drug reaction.

– Improper insulin or oral hypoglycemic drug use with diabetes.

– Anti-inflammatory and thyroid medications are known to cause hypoglycemia.

hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

• Affects >20 million Americans, many unaware.

• Increases heart disease, stroke, kidney disease,retinopathy, and neuropathy.

• Decreases life expectancy.

• Occurs as type 1 or type 2diabetes.

• • ~5% of cases
• • Juvenile onset
• • Is more difficult to control
• • Insulin administration is essential in the control of blood sugar (Insulin-dependent diabetes)
• • Is due to a genetic and/or viral factor causing auto immunity directed against the pancreatic beta cells

• • ~95% of cases
• • Typically adult onset
• • May be controlled with lifestyle changes& oral hypoglycemic agents
• • Is caused by insulin resistance (decreased insulin receptor response)
• • Is predisposed by obesity & genetics.

• Fasting glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dl.

• 2 hour post prandial (fed) blood glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dl.

• **Normal Blood Glucose is 70-99 mg/dl
• Pre-Diabetes is 100-125 mg/d

up fast & elicit an insulin response.

energy better.

• The rise in blood sugar in response to food as compared to glucose.

• Glucose is assigned 100.

• The Glycemic Index of a food can be useful to anyone concerned with blood sugar control.

glycemic response or slower entrance of glucose into the bloodstream.

• Foods with high protein, fat, & fiber lower the glycemic response.