Micro II Exam 1

a pyogenic cocci that is gram positive

secretes the enzyme hyaluronidase

secretes the enzyme coagulase

proof of __________ secretion is the most convenient and reliable measure of whether or not a staphylococcus is pathogenic or not

secretes enterotoxin

a gut poison that will lead to food poisoning

MRSA

Staphylococcus aureus portal of entry and exit

Staphylococcus aureus mode of transmission

in the case of ________ ______ ______, the organism or it's enterotoxin must be ingested so transmission is via indirect contact

the most common form of Staphylococcal disease in man

_________ infects the hair folicle causing a boil or furuncle

this infection may spread to the subcutaneous layers of the skin producing deep-seated boils

carbuncles may spread even more and form pockets of pus that is an infection

the lesions are characterized by the pressure of a thick, yellow pus

Staphylococcus aureus may cause the more serious infections of (2)

caused by the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin

one of the most common forms of food poising

this toxin is heat-stable

heat-stable

the toxin will affect the vomit reflex in the brain within 4 to 6 hours after ingestion

resolves itself within eight hours without significant harmful effects to the host

often forms in foods such as:

mayonaise containing meat salads
cream filled pastries

it is common for S. aureus to cause infections in those with weakened  immune systems such as bronchopneumonia that occurs after a primary bacterial or viral infection

hospital acquired infections, one of the most common is MRSA

caused by a toxin produced bu S. aureus called TSST-1

this toxin induces hypotension

was once a common disease of menstruating women who used super absorbent tampons

the tampons caused excessive drying of the vaginal mucosa as well as providing a good culture medium for toxin-producing bacteria

the injured vaginal mucosa then allows for the entry of the toxin in the blood stream

could possibly lead to circulatory collapse

a pyogenic cocci that is gram-positive

causes several rapidly progressive diseases and leads to some serious sequelae

classified as a Beta Hemolytic streptococci because when grown on blood agar, complete hemolysis is shown by a clear ring of no blood cells around the colony

________ can cause skin infections like the ____________ but will rarely produce abscesses

Staphylococcus pyogenes port of entry and exit

Staphylococcus pyogenes mode of transmission

the most common disease caused by this streptococci

a common precursor to other streptococcal infections such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

____ _____ _____ symptoms often occur suddenly and include: (10)

children under four years of age often only have a runny nose

cough, laryngitis, and stuffy nose are very uncommon in this disease and may indicate another cause of the illness such as a cold or allergy

a disease that is a result of S. pyogenes being introduced into the uterus during childbirth

it causes an inflammation reaction in the uterus

before the use of antiseptic birthing procedures, this disease was a frequent cause of death

a result of a streptococcal sore throat

it is caused by an exotoxin produced by the bacteria erythrogenic toxin

responsible for a widespread, pink-red rash most obvious on the abdomen, shoes of the chest, and in the skin folds

also characterized by:
fever
flushed face
inflamed red tongue
pale area around the mouth
dark red lines in the skin folds

the outer layer of reddened skin often peels after the fever has subsided

follows strep throat of about three weeks duration

an inflammatory disease of connective tissue, the joints, heart and brain

fever & pain are prominent manifestations

involves the heart valves and causes a general inflammation of the heart called carditis

it may result in permanent valvular damage that compromises the function of the heart

a pyogenic cocci that is gram-positive

a normal flora bacteria of the upper respiratory tract

will only cause disease if the host is immunocompromised, if the lining of the respiratory tract has been damaged by another condition, or if someone had had their spleen removed because the antibodies against the bacteria are formed in the spleen

it appears as a pair of cells that have a characteristic lance or lanceolate shape (a diplococcus)

no toxins or enzymes of significance are produced

it produces a very important capsule without the capsule the organism is unable to produce disease

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) portals of entry & exit

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) modes of transmission

 the classic disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)

causes an accumulation of fluid in the alveolar sacs of the lungs

death usually occurs by asphyxiation due to the inability of the lungs to exchange respiratory gases

inflammation of the lining of the brain & spinal cord

the second most common cause of meningitis

a common cause of middle ear infection in children

a pyogenic cocci that is gram-negative

occurs in pairs

(a diplococcus)

organized  in a coffee bran or kidney bean arrangement

common normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory and intestinal tracts

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) portals of entry & exit

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) modes of tranmission

pili or fimbriae serve to adhere the bacteria to the mucosal surface of the urethra

pili attach so well that the passage of urine will not wash it away

a venereal disease associated with an inflammatory reaction on the mucous membranes of the urogenital tract

in men; it appears as symptoms of acute urethritis within 2 to 7 days of infection:

painful urination

an exudate from the urethra containing pus and numerous WBCs

frequent and urgent need to urinate

in men; may spread to the testes and cause:

orchitis
epididymitis

in women; first symptoms may appear 7 to 21 days following infection

usually remain mild, if they appear at all

in women; it may only be discovered after their partners been diagnosed

some cases are more intense though and the woman may exhibit many of the same or similar symptoms as men

in women; most cases are asymptomatic & chronic

in women; the infection may spread to the peritoneum, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or cervix;
if this occurs, the infection may cause deep pelvic pain or tenderness during sexual intercourse;
the disease would then be referred to as PID or pelvic inflammatory disease

disease of the eye of newborns

contracted when the infant passes through the birth canal of a mother who is infected with the gonococcus

it may be treated with antibiotics or a solution of silver nitrate may be applied to the eyes

a non-venereal disease of the urogenital tract in pre-pubescent girls

contracted from inanimate objects or articles that may harbor secretions from older girls infected with the gonococcus

a pyogenic cocci that is gram-negative

occur in pairs

organized in a coffee bean or kidney bean arrangement

common normal flora of the mucous membranes of the respiratory and intestinal tracts

the only other characteristic different from those of the gonococcus is the meningococcus is a strict parasite of humans

neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) portals of entry & exit

neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) modes of transmission

neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) modes of transmission

neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) modes of transmission

the presence of the meningococcus in the blood

an initial infection occurs in the nasopharynx

the bacteria enter the blood stream via the cervical lymph nodes

symptoms of _________ may be:

fever
malaise
petechia
purpura

may lead to hemorrhaging of the adrenal glands

Waterhouse-Frederichsen syndrome

several different bacteria and viruses may cause meningitis but only ______ __________ is referred to as the meningococcus

Neisseria meningitidis causes an ___________ form of ________ where many people become infected in a short amount if time

after meningococcemia has become established, the organism will cross the blood-brain barrier and localize in the meninges

the protective layers of tissue around the brain and spinal cord

will cause an inflammation of the meninges with the following symptoms:

severe headache
stiff neck
death within 6 to 8 hours of onset of symptoms

the most often used drug to treat meningococcemia and meningococcal meningitis

What is the inflammatory disease of connective tissue, the joints, heart and brain that can
follow a three-week bout with strep throat?

What bacteria appear in a diplococcus formation?

What bacterium produces the toxin that causes toxic shock syndrome?

Which bacterium is classified as a strict parasite of humans?

The spread of a staph infection into the subcutaneous layers of the skin may produce what?

What is the most common disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Which bacteria are gram-positive?

Which bacteria are gram-negative?

What is the condition of the presence of the meningococcus in the blood?

Erythrogenic toxin plays a role in what disease?

Which bacterium exhibits a characteristic lance or lanceolate shape?

Which bacterium will cause the formation of a furuncle?

How is staphylococcal food poisoning transmitted?

Which bacterium secretes enterotoxin that will cause food poisoning?

Which disease is due to an organism crossing the blood-brain barrier?

Which disease is often asymptomatic and chronic in women?

Which bacterium is a common cause of nosocomial infections

What disease is treated with a solution of silver nitrate?

What is the second most common cause of meningitis?

Which bacterium is unable to produce disease without the presence of a capsule?

What condition may lead to hemorrhaging of the adrenal glands?

Considering all of the conditions we discussed, in what situation is hypotension manifested?

What drug is used drug to treat an infection with the meningococcus?

What is the best measure of whether or not a staphylococcus is pathogenic?

Which bacterium commonly causes infections like bronchopneumonia in those with weakened immune systems?

Which bacterium causes a zone of beta hemolysis when grown on blood agar?

What disease rarely spreads from person to person?

What is the most common form of staphylococcal disease in man?

Which bacterium is organized in a coffee or kidney bean arrangement?

Which bacterium produces NO toxins or enzymes to be pathogenic?

Which bacterium would not normally cause disease unless a host has had the spleen removed?

ln what disease do the pili play an important role?

What disease is characterized by dark red lines in the skinfolds?