-
What is Triage ?
The process of assessing urgency of a medical situation and prioritizing treatment (if more than one patient exists) according to that urgency.
-
What are the 3 classifications that we deal with ?
-
Explaing Critical condition.
- Treatment must begin within minutes.
- Respiratory &/or cardiac arrest
- Major arterial bleeding
- Sudden collapse and non-responsive
- Hit by car (HBC)
-
Explain Urgent condition.
- Treatment must begin within one hour.
- FLUTD
- repeated or continuous seizure activity
- Anti- freeze ingestion
- Chocolate ingestion
- Rat poison in gestion
- electrocution
-
Explain Pressing condition
- Treatment must begin within several hours.
- continuous/repeated vomiting &/or diarrhea
- lacerations
- fractures
-
What makes a situation critical as opposed to urgent?
Determined by the things which we require moment to moment to live. . Oxygen and a Heatbeat
-
What are the CAB's of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ?
- Circulatory - check for any pulsating bleeding and apply pressure to help control it. If heart is not beating perform compressions
- Airway - must be unobsturcted. If it is blocked, carefully remove the obstruction if visible. If not visible perform Heimlich
- Breathing - the animal must be breathing. If not, mouth to nose respiration is performed.
-
How are animals placed before starting compressions ?
Lateral recumbency.
-
How many compression should you perform per minute ?
100-120 compressions/min
-
What is the hand placements for a Large/giant breed dog for compressions?
Have hands placed over the widest portion of the chest.
-
What is the hand placement for dogs that have a keel-chest during compressions?
Should have the hands placed directly over the heart.
-
What are the hand placements for small dogs and cars during compressions?
Require compressions from both sides of the chest wall.
-
How should rescure breathing be performed ?
Mouth to nse, by closing the mouth, or if you are in the clinic you could use an Ambu-bag.
-
What is the CPR equipment ?
- Ambu-bag
- Endotracheal tubes
- Anaestheti-Machine
- ECG
- Droppler blood pressure Moniter
-
What is an Ambu-bag ?
Designed to be used in conjunction with an endo-tracheal tube to provide assisted ventilation.
-
What is an Endotracheal Tube ?
They allow a clear airway into the trachea. Most common with an inflatable cuff to create an air-tight seal within the trachea
-
What is an Anaesthetic Machine ?
The oxygen source. Connected to ambu-bag or rebreathing bag.
-
What is an ECG ?
Electrocardiograph. An instrument that provides a record of the electrical activity of the heart
-
What is a Doppler Blood Pressure Monitor ?
Gives a continuous audible record of the peripheral blood pressure and heart rate
-
What is an emergency crash kit ?
It contains necessary drugs and equipment that are useful or needed when an emergency arrives.
-
What are some common drugs in a emergency crash kit ?
- Epinephrine
- Atropine
- Lidocaine
- Dopamine
- Sodium bicarbonate
-
What are some equipment in a emergency crash kit ?
- Ambu bag
- Endotracheal tubes
- lubricant
- oxygen mask
- intravenous catheteres
- needles
- syringes
-
What can you use for a muzzle ? (improvise)
- panty-hose
- belt, either leather or from a robe
-
What can you use for a improvised splint ?
- pillow
- magazine or newspaper
- heavy towel
-
What can you use for a absorptive or pressure bandage ? improvise
- clean washcloth, tea towel, hand towel
- feminine hygiene pad
-
What can you use for a improvised bandage ?
tear wide strips of old tea-towels, sheet, t-shirt
-
What are the different forms of outer wrap or covering ?
- cloth
- paper
- plastiv tubing or plastic pouches
Choice depends on the size of item and type of sterilization
-
What are the types of sterile instrument packs ?
- spay pack
- castration pack
- abdominal pack
- suture pack
- dental pack
- Double Wrapped
-
What are the types of sterile Drape packs ?
- 4 corner drape pack
- extra drape pack
- laparotomy sheet/drape
- hand towel pack
- Single Wrapped
-
What is a Non- sterile surgery ?
They are NOT performed in the surgical suite. They are approachinga non sterile body area that is considered contaminated or dirty, and should not be done in a sterile environment.
-
What are some examples of a NON-sterile surgery ?
- abscess repair
- skin surgeries
- dental cleanings and teeth extractions
- relieve urinary obstructions
- cat neuters and declawing
-
What are some surgical instruments ?
- Scalpel handle - blades
- Scissors - blunt-blunt, sharp-sharp, sharp-blunt
- Tissue forceps - rat tooth, adson tissue
- Carmalt forceps
- Hemostat forceps - kelly, mosquito
- Needle holder/driver
- Towel clamp
- Spay hook
-
What is a autoclave ?
Most common method of sterilization, moist heat with steam under pressure.
-
What is Anprolene?
Ethylene oxide is the gas most commonly used. Used on items that are not suitable for the autoclave.
-
What is a Cold Sterile tray ?
Sterilization done by a liquid chemical. most useful on hard, smooth surfaces that are ok to be immersed in liquid.
-
What can failure in sterilization result from ?
- packs are too tight
- improperly loaded it in the autoclave
- inssufficient temperature, pressure, exposure time
-
What is Suturing ?
- use of suture material to tie tissues together.
- May be used to apposed tissue layers (skin, muscle), stop bleeding (ligation) or used as a temporary means of holding onto an organ
-
What are the 2 types of suture material ?
- Absorbable: slowly degraded and absorbed by the body, used within the body
- Non-absorbable: inert, body cant absorb material, used for skin sutures where removal is necessary, may be used as a permanent ligament in knee
-
What are the 2 types of needles ?
- Cutting - have small hsarp blade near to the tip of the needle. Used for skin sutures
- Tapered - do not have a blade near the needle tip, used for soft tissue as will not traumatize. (intestine, urinary bladder, uterus)
-
There must be a hard copy record of what ? for surgical procedures ?
- Signed client consent of surgical procedure
- Fee estimate
- Anesthetic record
- Recovery record
-
What must a surgery log incorporate ?
- Date of surgery
- Patient identification
- Species + breed
- Sex
- Weight
- Age
- Procedure
- Pre-surgical assessment
- Preanesthetic used
- Induction + anesthetic used
- Time + length of surgery
- Recovery assessment
- Intitials of those administerin anesthetic
- Surgeon
-
What are some examples of Sterile surgery ?
- Dog + cat spay
- Dog neuter
- Orthopedic surgery
- Urogenital surgery
-
What is Asepsis ?
A series of techniques and procedures that are aimed at excluding all pathogenic organism from the surgical site. Done by sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis
-
What is Sterilization ?
A procedure by which ALL forms of life are destroyed.
-
What is considered to be sterile ?
- Drapes
- Instrument field
- Gown and linen field
- Surgical gown (neck to waste) and gloved hands
- Suture material and blades
- The insides of the animal
-
What is considered to be contaminated ?
- caps and masks
- gowns below the waist, back of gown
- outside of packs
- surgical light
- skin
-
What is Disinfectant ?
procedure in which by only SOME forms of life are destroyed. Surgery room floors, wall, ceiling.
-
What is considered to be dsinfected ?
items that have been in contact with some chemical disinfectant
-
What is Antisepsis ?
Similar to disinfection, chemical agents are used on the animals skin, and human ahnds. Only some forms of life are destroyed
-
What is considered to be antiseptic ?
- prepped animal skin
- scrubbed human skin
-
What is the X-Ray Tube ?
X-rays are generated in an x-ray tube. Purpose is to produce a controlled x-ray beam.
-
What is the x-ray Collimator ?
Located beneath the x-ray tube. Used to control the size of the x-ray beam. Collimating serves to prevent unnecessary radiation of the animal or the persons involved in restraining the animal.
-
What is the Voltage compensator?
The voltmeter provides manual adjustment of the transformer to allow for inconsisten electrical output from the main electrical line
-
What is Kilovoltage (kVp) ?
X-ray machines are calibrated so that the desired value of kilovoltage can be selected
-
What is Milliamperage (mA) ?
This compenent lets the radiographer choose the desired current to xray tube
-
What is the Timer ?
Allows the radiographer to select the time of each exposure
-
What is the Exposure button?
ON the face of the control panel or attached by a cable which is placed on the floor for foot control. Completes circuit for exposure when button is pressed.
-
What is the Warning light ?
Lights up when an exposure is made, and xrays are being emitted.
-
What is the xray table ?
Located beneath the xray tube, the collimator light source will view the beams path. Cassete will be loaded either table top, or under the table
-
What is the purpose of xray film?
To provide a permanent image record contaqining diagnostic information which can be used later evaluation.
-
A dark room must be ?
- Clean
- Organzied
- Light-proof
-
What are the 2 sides to the darkroom ?
- Dry side: where the cassettes are unloaded and reloaded usually on a countertop or table
- Wet side: where the chemical processing is performed by manual or automatic processing
-
What are the 5 basic step for manual and automatic processing ?
- 1. Developing
- 2. Rinsing or Stop bath
- 3. Fixing
- 4. Washing
- 5. Drying
-
What is the Somatic Effect ?
- Happens over the course of your time.
- Somatic cells are cells of the body, and when damaged can somtimes be repaired if it is not too extensive. Body cells Differ in their sensitivity
-
What is the Genetic effect ?
- Happens in your children's lifetime.
- Xray beam may or may not cause somatic damage to the gonads, however there may be inherited abnormalities in future generations
-
What are the most Sensitive cells in your body ?
- Those that multiply continuously:
- Gonads
- Immature blood cells
- Germinative layers of the skin
- Intestinal epithelium
-
What are the Least sensitive cells of your body?
- Those that do not reproduce in the adult state.
- Mature blood cells
- Muscle cells
- Connective tissue
-
What is Scatter Radiation?
The radiation which bounces off of the patient, the table top, or any ovject that is stuck by the primary beam, and delfected around the room.
-
What are the basic Radiation Safety rules ?
- Minimize time
- Maximize distance, minimize exposure
- Maximize shielding
- Never allow parts of the body in the primary beam
- Wear personnel radiation monitoring device
- Use mechanical restraint to hold patients
- Collimation of the beam
- Equipment
-
What are the 3 types of labeling methods ?
- X-rite tape: lead impregnated tape that when written on with a pen the pressure displaces the soft lead leaving and impression
- Lead block letters: are placed on the cassette in the field of view which can be used to spell out information
- EZ-Printer: imprints patient information permanently onto the film
-
What should the x-ray label include ?
- Indentification of the animal
- Date
- Log entry #
- Vet's name, clinic name
- 'R' or 'L' markers
|
|