Bio 106 Exam 2

• Green Algea
• Closest relatives of land plants

• 1. Similarities in Cell Wall Synthesis
• 2. Peroxisome Enzymes - Minimize loss of organic products
• 3. Structure of Sperm
• 4. Similarities During Cell Division
• 5.Homologous Chloroplast

Sporopollenin is a layer of durable polymer in Charophyceans that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

• 1. Apical Meristems - Regions of cell division at tips of roots and shoots that let plant extend to get water and nutrients.
• 2. Alternation of Generations - (gametophytes and Sporophytes)
• 3. Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia
• 4. Multicellular gametangia
• 5. Multicellular dependent dependent embryos

Diploid Generation

Haploid Generation

Cells joined in tubes to transport water and nutrients

• Non-vascular Plants
• - Liverworts phylum Hepatophyta
• - Hornworts phylum Anthocerophyta
• - Mosses phylum Byrophyta

• Example:
• "Peat Moss"
• Forms ectensive deposits known as Peat
• Earth's carbon Cycle

• Ferns and other seedless vascular plants
• Sporophyte Dominant

Xylem - Conducts mostly water and minerals consists of dead cells

Phloem - Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products consists of living cells

Organs that anchor vascular plants and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil

• Increase the surface area to capture solar energy
• 1. Microphylls - Leaves with single vein
• 2. Megaphylls - leaves with a highly branched vascular system

• Modified leaves with sporangia
•    * Sporangia produces spores
• Variations: 
• Homosporous - one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore.
• Heterosporous - 2 sporangia and produces 2 kinds of spores.