BIO 003 TEST 1

multi cellular, green cell wall

multicellular/ not green because it does not photosynthesis, it’s a decomposer (long and rectangular cells)

·     Protista

·     Fungai

·     Plants

·     Animalia

is prokaryotic cell

includes all bacteria cells

• Cholesterol
• Proteins
• Phospholipids – majority

stores DNA

ribosomes will assemble

protein synthesis

lipids are made

endoplasm reticulum

where proteins get packaged andmodified

break down and recycle

breaks down and recyclesand regulates water in plants

captures light and makes sugar(photosynthesis)

makes cell energy (ATP) from food

• proteins-aminoacid
• lipids-hydrocarbons,fatty acids
• nucleic acids- nucleotide
• carbohydrates- sacharides

– dipepetide

protons, electrons , neutrons

vacuole is filled with water expands and creates pressure

pressure decreases because of lack of water

no movement

water moving into the cell

water leaves a cell

• cell wall – protect cell ( made of cellulose)
• vacuole- remove waste, regulate water chloroplast- photosynthesis

• prokaryotic- monera
• eukariotes Protista, fungi, plant,animal

• Passive·   
•   Osmosis movement of water·   
•   Facilitated through facilitated protein pore·       Defusion movement of solutes
• Active require energy or ATP

• Sugar 
• phosphate  
• nitrogenous base

prokaryotic

eukaryotic cell .

Prokaryotic Cells

#6 golgi apparatus

#3 rough ER

#7 Cell membrane

#9 mitochondrian

#3 5 rough ER

#8 smooth ER(lypid synthesis)

#4/ 10/12 lysosomes

#6 golgi apparatus

#2 nucleus DNA stored

#1 nucleolus to assemble rhybosomes

#11 cytoplasm

#13 centriole

1hydrogen

2nitrogen

3carbon

4oxygen

it is attracted to different substances

is the attraction of water to itself

are substances that help to maintain a constant pH

= the chemical potential hydrogen

form when two atoms share electronsto complete the outer complete orbit. Covalent bonds can be polar or non-polar

when sharing in unequal (oxygen and two hydrogen atoms form water, the sharing is          unequal).This creates a polar compound with unique properties. One end is slightly negative the other          slightly positive.

forms when sharing is equal, themolecule has no charge (i.e. hydrocarbons are components of fats)

• •               
• These are cells of the Kingdom
• Monera which contain all bacteria cells.

• •               
• Size = Most bacteria
• are from 2 – 8 micrometers in size.
• •               
• The DNA is free-floating,
• with no nuclear envelope. Also known as ‘nucleoid’.

• •               
• No organelles are present.

• •               
• Ribosomes are
• present. They make proteins.

• •               
• Plasma membrane encloses the cytoplasm.

• •               
• Cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane.

• •               
• Some bacteria have a protective, mucillagenous sheath
• around the cell-wall, known as ‘capsule’.

• •               
• Some bacteria have pili (singular = pilus) to
• attatch to surfaces.

• •               
• Some bacteria have long projections – flagella –
• help in locomotion.

• •               Prokayotic Cells include all bacteria (Kingdom Monera), are simple, have no nucleus (falsenucleus = nucleoid), Organelles are absent / without membranes. The Flagellar structureis different.
•  •               Eukaryotic Cells include all living organisms besides bacteria (Protista, Fungi, PlantandAnimal),  are complex, have a true nucleus, have organells and the Flagellar structure is different from that in prokaryotes.

7 Classes of Proteins:

• •               
• There are 7
• classes of Proteins, viz.:

• •               
• 1) Structural
• proteins (eg. spider silk, hair, tendons, etc..)

• •               
• 2) Contractile
• proteins (eg. Muscles (actin and myosin))

• •               
• 3) Storage
• proteins (eg. Ovalbumin)

• •               
• 4) Defensive
• proteins (eg. Antibodies)

• •               
• 5) Transport
• proteins (eg. Hemoglobin)

• •               
• 6) Signal
• proteins (eg. hormones)

• •               
• 7) Enzyme
• proteins (eg. digestive enzymes)

lipid

Cholesterol , phospholipids, proteins

• Fats
• are also called triglycerides because they are composed of three
• fatty acids linked with one glycerol.

• POLYSACHARIDE
• •               
• Starch is a helically coiled unbranched polymer made up of
• many units of Glucose.  It is a plant
• storage sugar.

• •               
• Glycogen is a branched polymer made up of many units of
• Glucose. It is an animal storage sugar.

• •               
• Cellulose forms structure, it is a fibrous polymer made up of
• interconnected chains of Glucose units. It is a major component of cell-walls
• and of wood. 

• •               
• Chitin similar to cellulose, it forms structure in insects
• and in fungi and is made of interconnected chains of glucose units. Is the
• major component of exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of fungi.

is the basicunit of life.