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Information-processing model
processes like a computer in 3 stages
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3 stages of information-processing model
- Sensory Memory [CD drive, monitor cord]
- Short-term Memory [RAM]
- Long-term Memory [Hard Drive]
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Encoding
getting information into memory
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Sensory Memory
- 1st stage of memory
- Iconic memory
- Echoic memory
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Iconic Memory
- visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second
- capacity: everything that can be seen at one time
- duration: information that just entered iconic will be pushed out quickly by new information
- eg. artwork
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Echoic Memory
- the brief memory of something a person has just heard
- capacity: limited to what can be heard at any one moment and is smaller than the capacity of iconic memory
- duration: longer than iconic (2-4 seconds)
- eg. music, conversation
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Short-term Memory
- 2nd stage of memory
- information is held for brief periods of time while being used
- capacity: ~ 7 items/pieces of info (+/- 2 more)
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Working Memory
the memory system used for holding and manipulating information while various mental tasks are carried out.
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Maintenance Rhearsal
practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head
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Chunking
bits of information are combined into meaningful units, so that more information can be held in Short-term Memory
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Long-term Memory
the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently
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Things that help us remember
- Encoding specificity
- State-dependent learning
- Mnemonic devices
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Encoding Specificity
things are remembered better when recalled in the same location
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State-dependent learning
memories formed during a sparticular physiological or psychological state will be easier to recall while in a similar state
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Mnemonic Devices
- Linking
- Peg-word method
- Method of Loci
- Verbal/Rhythmic organization
- Put it to music
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Linking
- make a list to be remembered and link the words in some way by making it into a sentence
- the crazier, the easier to memorize
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Peg-word Method
memorize a series of peg words that can be used as keys for remembering items associated with them
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Method of Loci
- put notes around home, by each window as you walk through
- visual memory in order of remembering the number of windows in your home
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Verbal/Rhythmic organization
- set info to a rhyme
- eg. "i" before "e" except after "c"
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Put it to music
make up a little song with the information you want to remember
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Schema
- A structured cluster of pre-conceived ideas.
- An organized pattern of thought or behavior.
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Reasons people forget
- Encoding Failure
- Memory Trace Decay Theory
- Proactive Interference
- Retroactive Interference
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Encoding Failure
Failure to process information into memory
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Memory Trace Decay Theory
Not accessed => decays from storage system
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Proactive Interference
- Older info interferes with learning of new info
- eg. Old habit interferes with new change
- 1st-automatic car, then learn stick-shift
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Retroactive Interference
- Newer info interferes with retrieval of older info
- eg. stick-shift car in repair; difficulty re-learning automatic driving
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