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The __ altered politics in __, and __spread revolutionary principles. The __ came with coal and steam, which changed human labor. Reformers were critical of the treatment of __. Shift from __ based on farming and handicrafts to a more __ based on manufacturing by machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories.
- French Revolution
- France
- Napoleon
- Industrial Revolution
- married women
- labor-intensive economy
- capital-intensive economy
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Developing large factoriesà mass movements of people. Higher levels of productivityà new sources of raw materials, new eating habits, and a revolution in transportation that allowed raw materials and finished products being moved quickly. A new__ and a huge __ changed social relationships.
- wealthy industrial middle class
- industrial working class
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain: Evolved over a large period of time, but it began in Britain after __. By __, the __ was the wealthiest country in the world and spread.
- 1750
- 1850
- Industrial Revolution
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Factors/ Conditions
- i. Agricultural revolution
- ii. Rapid population growthà surplus labor for new factories of emerging British industry
- iii. Supply of Capital
- iv. Early Industrial Entrepreneurs
- v. Mineral Resources
- vi. Role of Government
- Markets
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Agricultural Revolution
- 1. Changes in method of farming and stock breedingà significant increase in food production
- a. British agriculture could now feed more for less labor and cost
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Rapid population growth
- i. Rapid population growthà surplus labor for new factories of emerging British industry
- 1. Rural workers in cottage industries= potential labor force
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Supply of Capital
- 1. Britain had ready supply of capital for investment in new industrial machines and factories needed to house them
- 2. Britain had profits from trade and the cottage industry, as well as an effective central bank and well-developed, flexible credit facilities
- a. Paper instruments now used for transactions
- 3. Early factory owners= merchants and entrepreneurs who profited from cottage industry
- a. 62/110 cotton-spinning mills in Midlands were established by hosiers, drapers, mercers, etc.
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Early Industrial Entrepreneurs
- 1. People interested in making money
- 2. English revolution of 17th c. helped create an environment in Britain, unlike that of the absolute states on the Continent , where political power was in the hands of people who favored innovation in economic matters
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Entrepreneur financial hazards
- a. Fortunes made quickly and lost quickly
- b. Structure of early firms fluid
- c. Individual or family proprietorship was usual mode of operation, but entrepreneurs also brought in friends to help—and quickly dropped them
- i. John Marshall: money in flax spinning
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Mineral resources
- 1. needed in manufacturing
- 2. Small size allowed efficient transport of resources
- a. Rivers used, but private and public investment= new roads, bridges, and canals
- i. Linked major industrial centers of North, Midlands, London, and the Atlantic
- 3. No internal customs barriers to hinder domestic trade
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Role of Government
- 1. Played role in process of industrialization
- a. Parliament contributed to favorable business climate by providing a stable government and passing laws protecting private property
- b. Freedom provided for private enterprise
- i. Placed fewer restrictions on private entrepreneurs than any other European state
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Markets
- 1. Allowed outlet for manufactured goods
- a. Exports quadrupled between 1660-1760
- 2. 18th century wars and conquestsà Great Britain developed vast colonial empire at expense of leading Continental rivals, the Dutch Republic and France
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Markets: Merchant Marine
- 1. Well- developed merchant marine that was able to transport goods anywhere in the world
- 2. Crucial for Britain’s successful industrialization= able to produce cheaply the articles most in demand
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Markets: Best marets
- a. Best markets abroad in Americas, Africa, and the East, where people wanted sturdy, cheap clothes instead of costly, luxury items.
- i. Britain’s machine-produced textiles did it
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Market: Domestic Market
1. Domestic market; Britain had highest standard of living in Europe and a rapidly growing population
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Demand
a. Demand from both domestic and foreign markets and inability of the old system to fulfill it à entrepreneurs sought and adopted new methods of manufacturing through series of inventionsà Industrial Revolution
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