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What protein is an indicator of nutritional status and is one of the proteins that transports thyroid hormones?
Prealbumin
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What causes a decrease in prealbumin?
- Liver disorders
- Inflammation
- Malignancy
- Poor nutrition
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What causes an increase of prealbumin?
- Steroid therapy
- Chronic renal failure
- Alcoholism
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Where is albumin synthesized?
Liver
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What protein is in the highest concentration of all the proteins?
Albumin
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What are the roles of albumin?
- Binds many analytes for transport in blood
- Significantly contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
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What causes a decrease in albumin?
- Liver disorders (decrease production)
- Gastrointestinal disease associated with malabsorption
- Muscle-wasting disease
- Severe burns caused by loss
- Renal disease cause by loss
- Starvation
- Malnutrition
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What causes an increase in albumin?
Dehydration (relative increase)
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What protein is an acute-phase reactant and a protease inhibitor that neutralizes trypsin-type enzymes that can damage structural proteins?
alpha1-Antitrypsin
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What causes a decrease in alpha1-Antitrypsin?
- Emphysema-associated pulmonary disease
- Severe juvenile hepatic disorders that may result in cirrhosis
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What causes and increase of alpha1-Antitrypsin?
Inflammatory disorders
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What protein is synthesized during gestation in the yolk sac and liver of the fetus, peaking at 13 weeks and declining at 34 weeks?
alpha1-Fetoprotein (AFP)
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What causes an increase in AFP?
- In maternal serum - Neural tube defects, spina bifida, fetal distress
- In adults - Hepatocellular carcinoma and gonadal tumors
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What causes a decrease in AFP?
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What protein is an acute phase reactant and binds to basic drugs?
alpha1-Acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)
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What causes an increase in alpha1-Acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)?
- Inflammatory disorders (rheumatoid arthritis)
- Pneumonia
- Conditions with cell proliferation
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What causes a decrease in alpha1-Acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)?
Nephrotic syndrome
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What protein is an alpha2-globulin that binds free hemoglobin and is an acute phase reactant?
Haptoglobin
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What causes an increase of Haptoglobin?
- Inflammatory conditions
- Burns
- Trauma
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What causes a decrease in Haptoglobin?
Intravascular hemolysis (formation of a haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex for removal by the liver)
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What is an acute phase reactant that is an alpha2-globumin, copper-containing protein with enzymatic activity?
Ceruloplasmin
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What causes an increase in ceruloplasmin?
- Pregnancy
- Inflammatory disorders
- Malignancies
- Intake of oral estrogen
- Oral contraceptives
-
What causes a decrease in ceruloplasmin?
- Wilson disease
- Malnutrition
- Malabsorption
- Severe liver disease
-
What protein is a proteolytic enzyme inhibitor that inhibits thrombin, trypsin, and pepsin?
alpha2-Macroglobulin
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What causes an increase in alpha2-Macroglobulin?
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Contraceptive use
- Pregnancy
- Estrogen therapy
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What causes a decrease in alpha2-Macroglobulin?
- Acute inflammatory disorders
- Prostatic cancer
- Decreased markedly in acute pancreatitis
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What protein is a beta-globulin that transports iron?
Transferrin
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What causes a decrease in transferrin?
- Infections
- Liver disease
- Nephrotic syndrome
-
What causes an increase in transferrin?
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Pregnancy
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What protein is a beta-globulin that is an acute-phase reactant?
CRP (C-Reactive Protein)
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What causes an increase in CRP?
- Tissue necrosis
- Rheumatic fever
- Infections
- Myocardial infarction
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Gout
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What proteins are antibodies?
Immunoglobulins
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What are the 5 major classes of immunoglobulins?
-
Where are immunoglobulins synthesized and why?
Synthesized in plasma cells as an immune response
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Which one of the immunoglobulins will be increased in Multiple Myeloma?
- Monoclonal gammophathy
- IgG
- IgA
- IgM
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Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?
IgG
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What causes an increase in IgG?
- Liver disorders
- Infections
- Collagen disease
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What causes a decrease in IgG?
- Presence of increased susceptibility to infection
- When monoclonal gammopathy is associated with an increase in another immunoglobulin
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What immunoglobulin increases after birth?
IgA
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What causes an increase in IgA?
- Liver disorders
- Infections
- Autoimmune disease
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What causes a decrease in IgA?
- Inhibited protein synethsis
- Hereditary immune disorders
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What immunoglobulin cannot cross the placenta and is made by the fetus?
IgM
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What causes an increase in IgM?
- Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
- Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
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What causes a decrease in IgM?
- Renal diseases associated with protein loss
- Immunodeficiency disorders
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What causes an increase in IgD?
- Liver disorders
- Infections
- Connective tissue disorders
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What causes an increase in IgE?
- Allergies
- Asthma
- hay fever
- Parasitic infections
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What protein is used to predict the risk of premature birth?
- Fibronectin
- (test is Fetal Fibronectin)
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