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What organ synthesizes most of the plasma proteins?
Liver
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What cells synthesize the immunoglobulins?
Plasma cells
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What do the plasma cells synthesize?
Immunoglobulins
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What happens when proteins degrade?
Their consituent amino acids undergo deamination with the formation of ammonia - which is converted to urea for excretion in the urine
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What is released at the site of injury or inflammation and what does it cause?
Some cytokines are released, causing the liver to increase synthesis of the acute-phase reactant proteins
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What are negative acute-phase proteins?
Some proteins that decrease in concentration when an injury or inflammation is occurring
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What are immunoglobulins?
Humoral antibodies produced in response to foreign antigens for the purpose of destroying them
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What is the reference range for Total Protein?
6.5-8.3 g/dL
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What is the reference range for albumin?
3.5-5.0 g/dL
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What causes Hypoproteinemia?
- Urinary loss
- Gastrointestinal tract inflammation
- Liver disorders
- Malnutrition
- Inherited immunodeficiency disorders
- Extensive burns
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What causes Hyperproteinemia?
- Dehydration
- Increased protein production (assoc w/monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies)
- Chronic inflammatory diseases associated with paraprotein production
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What is the term for polypeptides composed of only amino acids?
Simple proteins
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What is the term for symmetrical, compactly folded polypeptide chains (e.g. albumin)?
Globular proteins
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What is the term for elongated, asymmetrical polypeptide chains (e.g. troponin and collagen)?
Fibrous proteins
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What is the term for the protein that is composed of protein (apoprotein) and nonprotein (prosthetic group) components?
Conjugated proteins
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What are prosthetic groups commonly, in nature?
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What is the term ofr a protein with a metal prosthetic group (e.g. ceruloplasmin)?
Metalloprotein
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What is the term for a protein with a lipid prosthetic group (e.g. cholesterol, triglyceride)?
Lipoprotein
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What is the term for a protein with 10-40% carbohydrates attached (e.g. haptoglobin)?
Glycoprotein
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What is the term for a protein with >40% carbohydrates attached (e.g. mucin)?
Mucoprotein
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What is the term for a protein with DNA or RNA nucleic acids attached (e.g. chromatin)?
Nucleoprotein
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What is the term for when proteins can be broken down into amino acids that can be used in the citric acid cycle to produce energy?
Energy production
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What is the term for maintaining the colloidal pressure between differend body compartments?
Water distribution
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What is the term for the ionizable R groups of the individual amino acids of a protein that provide buffering capacity by binding or releasing H+ ions as needed?
Buffer
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What is the term for binding of proteins to hormones, free hemoglobin, lipids, drugs, calcium, unconjugated bilirubin, and so on, allows movement of these and other molecules in the circulation?
Transporter
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What is the term for proteins that protect the body against "foreign" invaders?
Antibodies
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What is the term for the proteins that function as receptors for hormones so that the hormonal message can activate cellular components?
Cellular proteins
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Name some examples of cellular proteins that are considered hormones, but proteins in nature
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What is the term for collagen is the fibrous component that maintains the structure of body parts such as skin, bone, cartilage, and blood vessels?
Structural proteins
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What is the term for catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions?
Enzymes
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Proteins are made of what and how are they linked together?
- Made of amino acids
- Each amino acid being linked to another via a peptide bond
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How is a peptide bond formed?
When the Carboxyl (-COOH) group of one amino acid links to the amino (-NH2) group of another amino acid with the loss of a water molecule
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What is the term for the end of the protein structure with a free amino group?
N-terminal
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What is the term for the end of a protein structure with a free carboxyl group?
C-terminal
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What makes proteins different from carbs and lipids?
Proteins consist of 16% nitrogen
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What is structure occurs when the amino acids are linked to each other through covalent peptide bonding in a specific sequence to form a polypeptide chain?
Primary structure
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What structure occurs when the polypeptide chain winds to form alpha helixes and beta sheets through the formation of hydrogen bonds between CO and NH groups of the peptide bonds?
Secondary structure
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What structure occurs when the coiled polypeptide chain folds upon itself to form a 3-D structure through the interactions of the R groups of the amino acids?
Tertiary structure
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What structure occurs when 2 or more folded polypeptide chains bind to each other through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions to form a functional protein?
Quaternary structure
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