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Cell division in prokaryotes takes places in two stages, which make up what?
simple cell cycle
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What is the process of the cell splitting called?
binary fission
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As the growing plasma membrane of DNA pushes inward, the cell is constricted in two, which forms two what?
daughter cells
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What is a single, long DNA molecule packaged with proteins into a compact shape called?
chromosome
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What is the mechanism of cell division that occurs in an organism's nonreproductive cells called?
mitosis
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What are an organism's nonreproductive cells called?
somatic cells
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What process divides the DNA in cells that participate in sexual reproduction?
meiosis
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What are the cells that participate in sexual reproduction called?
germ cells
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The events that prepare the eukaryotic cell for division and the division process itself constitute what?
complex cell cycle
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What is the period between cell divisions called?
interphase
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What is the cell cycle phase during which the chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle forms called?
prophase
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What is the cell cycle phase during which the chromosomes line up on the central plane of the cell called?
metaphase
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What is the cell cycle phase during which the centromeres divide, and the chromatids move toward opposite poles called?
anaphase
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What is the cell cycle phase during which the chromosomes uncoil, and a new nuclear envelope forms called?
telophase
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What is the cell cycle phase during which the cytoplasm of the cell is cleaved in half called?
cytokinesis
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Chromosomes exist in somatic cells as pairs, which are called what?
- homologous chromosomes
- homologues
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What are cells that have two of each type of chromosome called?
diploid cells
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What are two identical copies of homologues called?
sister chromosomes
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What is the special linkage site called that joins the sister chromosomes together?
centromere
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What is a complex of DNA and protein that chromosomes are composed of called?
chromatin
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What are proteins with positive charges called?
histones
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Every 200 nucleotides, the DNA duplex is coiled around a core of eight histone proteins, forming what complex?
nucleosome
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What is the process during which chromosomes replicate and then begin to wind up tightly called?
condensation
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What is a network of protein cables called?
spindle
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What is a disk of protein bound to the centromere to which microtubules attach during cell division, linking chromatids to the spindle called?
kinetochore
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What is another name for mitosis?
karyokinesis
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What is the site around the cell's circumference, where the cytoplasm is being progressively pinched inward by the decreasing diameter of the actin belt called?
cleavage furrow
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What is a growth disorder of cells?
cancer
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What is a cluster of cells that constantly expands in size called?
tumor
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What are cells that leave the tumor and spread throughout the body called?
metastases
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What is damage to DNA called?
mutation
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What kind of genes encode proteins that stimulate cell division?
proto-oncogenes
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Mutated proto-oncogenes become cancer-causing genes called what?
oncogenes
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What is the second class of cancer-causing genes called?
tumor-suppressor genes
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What are eggs and sperm called?
gametes
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An egg and a sperm fuse together to form what single cell?
zygote
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What is the fusion of gametes to form a new cell called?
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What is the term for one set of cells?
haploid
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What is reproduction that involves the alternation of meiosis and fertilization called?
sexual reproduction
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What is reproduction that doesn't involve the fusion of gametes called?
asexual reproduction
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What are the cells that will eventually undergo meiosis to produce gametes that are set aside early in the course of development called?
germ-line cells
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What is the first of the two divisions of meiosis that serves to separate the two versions of each chromosome called?
meiosis I
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What is the second of the two divisions of meiosis that serves to separate the two replicas of each version called?
meiosis II
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What is the process during which DNA is exchanged between the two non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes called?
crossing over
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What is the principle that segregation of alternative alleles at one locus into gametes is independent of the segregation o alleles at other loci called?
independent assortment
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Sister chromatids are held together by what special proteins?
cohesin proteins
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What is the process of forming these complexes of homologous chromosomes called?
synapsis
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What is the development of an adult from an unfertilized egg called?
parthenogenesis
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