The brain consists of approximately 100 billion nerve cells called?
neurons
Neurons are made up of dendrites, a soma, and...
axons
The part of the neuron which collects and combines info. is called the
soma
The part of the neuron that specializes in receiving messages from other neurons is the
dendrite
The conduction of a nerve impulse down the axon is called a
action potential
The tiny gaps separating neurons from one another and across which info. must be transmitted are known as
synapses
The chemicals that are released at an axon terminal and can either excite or inhibit other neurons are called
neurotransmitters
The fatty tissue that gives many nerves a whitish color is called
myelin
The central nervous system is composed of the
brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system is composed of the
somatic and autonomatic
Both surgical ablation and _______ remove brain tissue.
deep lesioning
An EEG records ________.
electrical impulses from the brain
________ measures the structure of the brain by utilizing a series of x-rays.
CT scan
The MRI scan obtains an image of the brain by using
magnetic fields
A PET scan detects ______ emitted by brain cells.
positrons
Humans are superior to all other animals in ________.
intelligence
The ______ is the highest functioning and largest brain area found in humans.
cerebrum
The cerebral cortex is composed of two sides or ________.
hemispheres
The corpus callosum is a thick band of fibers that connect _______.
the two cerebral hemispheres
Bodily sensations such as touch, temperature, and pressure register in which brain area?
the parietal lobes
Aphasia is a
language disturbance resulting from brain damage.
Damage to Broca's area causes great difficulty in
speaking or writing
Severe damage to the ______ would likely result in death.
medulla
Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in
loss of muscular coordination
T or F
Acetycholine, epinephrine, dopamine, and histamine are neurotransmitters.
true
T or F
The main divisions of the human nervous system are the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system.
False
T or F
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that leave the brain directly.
True
T or F
In humans, the right side of the brain mainly controls the left side of the body.
True
T or F
The cellebellum stores skill memories such as riding a bike.
True
T or F
After watching violent scenes, men have lower levels of testosterone.
False
T or F
Enlarged hands, feet, and facial bones may be the result of acromegaly.
True
Tor F
The thyroid gland is considered the "master gland" and regulates the functioning of other glands.
False
it is the pituitary gland.
T or F
Melatonin is released by the thyroid gland.
False
T or F
The hippocampus is the part of the brain that stores lasting verbal memories.
True
T or F
The endocrine system secretes hormones into the blood stream for communication.
True
Pituitary Gland
master gland
Pineal Gland
releases melatonin which is associated with sleep cycles.
Thyroid Gland
regulates metabolism
Adrenal Gland
affects sexual functioning,regulates salt balance,adjust body to stress.
Dysfunction of the Thyroid Gland
tenseness,nervousness, and excitability
Dysfunction of the Pineal Gland
sleep cycle disturbance
Dysfunction of the Adrenal Gland
virilism
Dysfunction of the pituitary gland
acromegaly
The study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities from conception to death describes the field of psychology known as
developmental psychology
The part of the chromosome that contains instructions that affect a particular process or personal characteristic is called a
gene
Temperament refers to
physical foundations or core of personality
Each cell possesses 46 ______ that are responsible for all the genetic info. passed from parents to children.
chromosomes
The uniting of the egg and sperm is referred to as
conception
When a gene is _____, the trait it controls will be present every time the gene is present.
dominant
The human growth sequence, or the overall pattern of physical development is
universal
Relaxed and agreeable children are also known as
easy children
The existence of easy, difficult,and slow to warm up to children is considered evidence for
hereditary differences in temperament
A time of increased susceptibility to both positive and negative environmental influences is called a
sensitive period
Problems or defects that originate during prenatal dev. in the mother's womb are called
congenital problems
FAS or fetal alcohol syndrome is a _______ problem.
congenital
A terotagen is any
substance capable of causing birth defects.
A lack of normal stimulation,nutrition,comfort, or love is referred to as
deprivation
When psychologists attribute development to nature, they are referring to the effect of
heredity and genetics
The physical growth and dev. of the body, brain, and nervous system is called
maturation
Amy lifts her head, then learns to crawl, then to walk, with the development progressing from head to feet. This progression illustrates what pattern?
cephalocaudal pattern
Social referencing refers to
observing others to obtain info. or guidance
Securely attached, Insecure-avoidant, Insecure-ambivalent are attachment styles described by who?
Mary Ainsworth
You leave your child with a babysitter. When you return, your child ignores you. Your child's behavior indicated a ________ attachment.
insecure-avoidant
Exploring the world, practicing social skills, and communication all come from children _____.
playing
Nat likes to "lay down the law" and takes no arguments from his children. According to the research on parenting styles by Diana Baumrind, Nat is exhibiting _______ parenting.
authoritarian
The repetition of only vowel sounds like "ah" or "oo" is called
cooing
Piaget is mainly known for studying
cognitive development
The concept that mass,weight and volume remain unchanged despite changes in the appearance of the objects is called
conservation
T or F
Permissive parents are democratic in their view of parenting by providing consistency and participation by the children in determining family rules.
False
T or F
According to Piaget, full adult intellectual ability is attained during the sensorimotor stage of development.
False
T or F
Parentese is a unique special way parents talk to their infants.
True
T or F
According to Erikson, developing a sense of integrity is a special challenge in late adulthood.
True
T or F
Piaget's preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7) focuses on the concepts of space,time, volume, and number.
False
T or F
Vgotsky's "Zone of proximal development" refers to tasks the child cannot master alone, but is capable of doing with the guidance of a more capable person.
True
T or F
The search for identity, according to Erikson, is one of the developmental tasks of young adulthood.
False
T or F
Moral development refers to the development of values,beliefs, and thinking abilities that act as a guide regarding acceptable behavior.
True
T or F
A psychosocial dilemma is a conflict between your own personal impulses and the social world around you.
True
T or F
Traits that are determined by many genes working together are called polygenic traits.
true
T or F
Authoritative parents enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience.
False
T or F
Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by low birth weight,a small head, and bodily defects.
True
T or F
One of the accomplishments of the sensorimotor stage of development, according to erikson, is learning object permanence.
true
T or F
One's developmental level is determined only by the environment.
False
T or F
Difficult children are excessively shy.
False
Accomplishment of Sensorimotor stage.
object permanence
Accomplishment of Preoperational stage.
thinks symbolically, but still egocentric and intuitive.
Accomplishment of Concrete operational stage.
conservation
Accomplishment of Formal stage.
thinks in terms of abstract principles and hypothesizes.
A device, such as the eye, that coverts energy from one systim to another is a
transducer
One drop of perfume in a three-room apartment is an example of
absolute threshold of smell
Info. processed below the normal threshold of awareness is called
Subliminal
Visual perception is ultimately a function of the
neural activity in the brain
The process of detecting physical energies with the sensory organs is called
Sensation
The process by which the brain organizes sensations into meaningful patterns is known as
Perception
When listening to your professor's lecture; hearing the various sounds of the professor's words would be ______. Interpreting the meaning of the professor's words is an example of _____.
Sensation;perception
The smallest package of light is called
Photon
What part of the eye does most of the focusing on an image?
cornea
Which kind of visual impairment is also called nearsightedness?
myopia
Astigmatism is the misshaping of the _____ or ___.
cornea;lens
A change in stimulus intensity that is detectable to an observer is known as the ______ threshold.
Difference
According to Weber's Law, if a cup of coffee has five teaspoons of sugar in it, you will have to add __ more before it will be noticeably different.
one
Which of the following is not a taste quality?
-sweet
-salty
-brothy
-spicy
Pain associated with the skin,muscles, joints and tendons is called
somatic pain
Airborne chemicals, which are often used by animals to identify territory and even family members are known as
pheromones
When a sensory message fails to reach awareness bc it is altered in the spinal cord, this is known as
sensory gating
Larry is red-green color-blind. This means
he perceives the colors red and green as being the same.
Although the olfactory membrane has 400 different receptors, we can actually detect
About 10,000 odors
Which of the following types of cells produce color sensations and work best in bright light?
Cones
The term indicating the basic color categories is
Hue
The type of sensation you experience depends on which area of the brain is activated. This is known as
Sensory localization
The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light, infrared and ultraviolet light, television broadcasts, radio waves, and
gamma rays
The blind spot is formed
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
The auditory ossicles are
-the malleus, incus,and strapes
-the hammer, anvil, and stirrup
-three small bones
-all of these
The part of the ear the funnels sound into the ear canal is called the
pinna
Sound energy is converted to nerve impulses by the hair cells inside the
cochlea
Hearing loss caused when the eardrum or ossicles are damaged by disease or injury is a _______ hearing loss.
conductive
Olfaction is another name for the sense
smell
The ringing sensation following exposure to loud sounds is called
tinnitus
The lock and key system is used to explain
olfaction
T or F
With regard to taste, we are most sensitive to sweet and least sensitive to bitter.
False
T or F
The process in which the brain organizes sensations into meaningful patterns is known as perception.
True
T or F
The minimum amount of energy needed for sensation to occur is called the difference threshold.
False
T or F
The process by which the lens of the eye changes shape is called accommodation.
True
T or F
The pitch of sound corresponds to the frequency of sound waves, while the loudness is due to the amplitude of the sound waves.
True
T or F
A long -time rock musician probably suffers from a conductive hearing loss.
False
T or F
Sense organs in the joints and muscles contribute to the kinesthetic sense.
True
T or F
Moving your head from side to side and breathing rapidly are two ways that a person can alleviate motion sickness.
False
T or F
When ppl lose an arm, they may at first have a phantom arm and hand, while many years later, the phantom may shrink, until only a hand is felt at the shoulder.
True
T or F
The skin has more nerve endings for pain than for touch or pressure.
True
T or F
Olfaction and gustation are considered vestibular senses.
False
T or F
The three small bones in the middle ear are called cochlear bones.
False
T or F
The shortest waves of visual light are sensed as red, while the longest wave lengths are sensed as purple.
False
T or F
Subliminal advertising is a powerful influence, which can involuntarily cause people to purchase items.
True
T or F
The blind spot is formed where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
True
A state of clear, organized alertness is
waking consciousness
In which of the stages of sleep would a person be most difficult to wake?
Stage 4
In which stage would a hypnic jerk be most likely to occur?
Stage 1
Which of the following is true of NREM sleep?
* it may help the body recover from bodily fatigue.
-breathing becomes irregular.
-NREM sleep is marked by fast EEG patterns.
-Dreams are more vivid and emotional during NREM.
During which type of sleep would nightmares typically occur?
REM sleep
Sleep apnea refers to a problem with
breathing during sleep
Evidence shows that hypnosis does not produce
superhuman acts of strength
Stimulants _______ nervous system activity, whereas depressants _______ it.
increase;decrease
Which term refers to the increasing need for greater amounts of a drug to produce the same effect?
drug tolerance
The single most preventable cause of death in the US and Canada is
smoking
At high dosages, marijuana can cause
-paranoia
-hallucinations
-delusions
*all of the above
Delirium,ecstasy, and daydreaming all have in common the fact that they are
ASCs Altered states of consciousness
Sleep spindles usually first appear in stage _____, whereas delta waves first appear in stage ___.
2;3
Emotional arousal, blood pressure changes, and sexual arousal all primarily occur during
REM sleep
Microsleeps would most likely occur
during sleep deprivation.
The basic suggestion effect is closely related to
hypnosis
The two most basic states of sleep are
REM and NREM
A particularly dangerous drug interaction occurs when ______ and _______ are combined.
alcohol;barbiturates
Narcolepsy is an example of
a sleep disorder
In addition to the nicotine they contain, cigarettes release
carcinogens
Joan is 14 years old and is experiencing ______ throughout the day because she tends to stay up late and gets up early.
hypersomnia
Gene was awakened throughout the night for a sleep study and did not receive enough REM sleep. The next night, he was allowed to sleep without interruption. Gene would be likely to experience
REM rebound
T or F
A total inability to sleep results in death.
True
T or F
Physical changes during puberty increase adolescents' need for sleep.
True
T or F
Without scheduled light and dark periods, human sleep rhythms would drift into unusual patterns.
True
T or F
A hypnic jerk is a sign of serious problems.
False
T or F
Most people change positions in bed during REM sleep.
False
T or F
Caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco can all contribute to insomnia.
True
T or F
REM sleep appears to help the brain process memories formed during the day.
True
T or F
Sleep apnea does not increase the risk of having a heart attack. This is only a myth.
False
T or F
According to Freud, dreams represent thoughts and wishes expressed as images.
True
T or F
During mindfulness meditation, one attends to a single focal point.
False
T or F
Cocaine (coke or snow) produces feelings of alertness, euphoria, wellbeing, powerfulness, boundless energy, and pleasure.
True
T or F
Twenty-five cigarettes could be fatal for a nonsmoker.
True
T or F
It is legal and safe to drive as long as blood alcohol level does not exceed 0.8.
False
T or F
People who smoke marijuana on a regular basis report that they are satisfied with their lives, earn more money, and are healthier than nonusers at the age of 29.
False
T or F
Drug abuse is frequently part of a general pattern of personal maladjustment.
