Anatomy week 8

which is the fluid “lost” by the circulatory system

capillaries and vessels that gather and carry the lymph, Controls body fluid, Destroys harmful microorganisms

 from tissue spaces Prevent edema

special lymphatics in small intestine

milky lymph in lacteals, Develop immunities, Produce lymphocytes

drains into the left subclavian vein right lymphatic duct: drains into the right subclavian vein

 Palatine, pharyngeal and lingual, Protect the nose and oral cavity

 lymphocyte production and maturation

 found in walls of small intestine

 Largest mass of lymphatic tissue, Phagocytizes worn-out RBCs and platelets, Recycles hemoglobin, Produces lymphocytes and plasma cells, Stores blood for release during hemorrhage

 is the ability of body to resist, Infection from pathogens, Damage from foreign substances and harmful chemicals

 B lymphocytes: produce antibodies, Fight circulating bacterial and viral infections

 T lymphocytes, Come from thymus glands, Fight intracellular viruses, fungi, parasites, cancer

 any protein that is foreign to the  body

recognizes antigens, Y shaped molecule

 breakdown of food into smaller, usable forms, through this process, Ingestion, Peristalsis Digestion Absorption Defecation

 Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

 Taste, Mechanical breakdown of food, Chemical digestion of carbohydrates

 Skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane, Lingual frenulum, Papillae, Taste buds

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Is 99.5% water, Has amylase which digests carbohydrates, Is buffered by bicarbonates and phosphates, Has mucin to lubricate food, Has lysozyme to destroy bacteria

the dangly thing at the top of the back of the mouth, massaging the uvula causes the gag reflex, i.e. makes you hurl

Common passageway for food and air

swallowing (deglutition), Forms food bolus, a mass of chewed food Air passageways close

Function: begins swallowing (deglutition), Forms food bolus, a mass of chewed food Air passageways close

Function: begins swallowing (deglutition), Forms food bolus, a mass of chewed food Air passageways close

 a semisolid, semiliquid mass

 Function, Secrete mucus, Transport food

 smooth muscle contractions push food

 Controls passage of food into stomach

 chemical and mechanical breakdown of food – turns the bolus (bite-sized chewed mass, Latin for “ball”) of food into chyme, a semisolid, semiliquid mass

Acini: digestive enzymes, Islets of Langerhans: insulin and glucagon

digestive enzymes

insulin and glucagon

Produces heparin, prothrombin, thrombin, Phagocytosis of bacteria and old blood cells, Stores excess carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins Converts toxins into less harmful substances, Produces bile salts

Pear-shaped sac, Located in depression on surface of liver, Stores and concentrates bile until needed, Enters duodenum through common bile duct

absorption of digested food

 10 inches

 8 feet

12 feet

mucous membrane attached to thin layer of visceral muscle

 loose connective tissue

skeletal or smooth muscle

serous membrane made of connective and epithelial tissue

 folds in the small intestine

 site of nutrient absorption (singular villus)

increase absorption area even more Each villus contains arteriole, venule, capillary network and lacteal

Reabsorption of water, Manufacture and absorption of vitamins, Formation and expulsion of feces

 pouchlike area

ascending, transverse, descending, Pouches called haustrae (singular haustra)

terminates at the anus

controlled by internal and external sphincter

about every 25 minutes

3 to 12 contractions per minute

(aka “a bowel movement”, “a dookie”, … insert your euphemism for excrement here) – 2-3 times per day

 semisolid mass originating from chime, Contain water, inorganic salts, epithelial cells, Escherichia coli