CONCEPTS CHAP 7

• CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM ARE FORMS OF METABOLISM
• CATABOLISM RELEASES ENERGY BY BREAKING DOWN LARGE MOLECULES
• ANABOLISM USES ENERGY TO BUILD LARGE MOLECULES

• MOSTLY MADE OF PROTEIN
• SOME NEED COFACTORS
• SPECIFIC ACTIVE SITES FOR SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES
• UNIQUE SHAPE,SPECIFICITY AND FUNCTION
• LARGER THAN SUBSTRATES

• ORGANIC CATALYSTS THAT SPEED UP RATE OF CELLULAR REACTIONS
• ARE RE-USEABLE
• HIGHLY EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT

THE AMOUNT OF THE ENZYME INSIDE A CELL REMAINS THE SAME EVEN WHEN THE AMOUNT OF SUBSTRATE INCREASES

THE AMOUNT OF ENZYME IN THE CELL INCREASES OR DECREASES IN RESPONSE TO SUBSTRATE LEVELS

• WHEN A BACTERIAL CELL PRODUCES A "MIMIC" MOLECULE SIMILAR TO NORMAL SUBSTRATE
• "MIMIC" ATTACHES TO THE BINDING SITE BUT CAN'T BE ACTED UPON
• PREVENTS SUBSTRATE FORM ATTACHING TO ACTIVE SITE
• SHUTS DOWN THE ENZYME

• SUBSTRATE BINDS TO ENZYME
• REACTION PRODUCES REGULATORY MOLECULE
• REGULATORY MOLECULE BINDS TO REGULATORY SITE CHANGING THE THE ACTIVE SITE
• SUBSTRATE CAN'T ATTCH BECAUSE IT NO LONGER FITS

• GENETIC APPARATUS RESPONSIBLE FOR REPLACING ENZYME IS REPRESSED
• RESPONSE TIME IS LONGER THAN FEEDBACK INHIBITION

• SPECIFIC ENZYME SYNTHESIS ONLY HAPPENS WHEN 
• SPECIFIC SUBSTRATES ARE PRESENT

• METALS ACTIVATE ENZYMES
• HELP BRING ACTIVE SITES AND SUBSTRATES CLOSE TOGETHER
• PARTICIPATE DIRECTLY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH THE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

• TYPE OF COFACTOR
• ORGANIC COMPOUND THAT WORK IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN APOENZYME
• GENERALLY TRANSFER A CHEMICAL GROUP FORM SUBSTRATE TO SUBSTRATE
• H ATOMS, ELECTRONS, CO2, AMINO GROUPS
• MANY DERIVED FROM VITAMINS

• ACCORDING TO CHARACTERISTICS
• SITE OF ACTION
• TYPE OF ACTION
• SUBSTRATE
• END IN -ASE

• WEAK BONDS THAT MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF APOENZYMES ARE BROKEN
• PREVENTS SUBSTRATE FROM ATTACHING TO ACTIVE SITE BECAUSE OF CHANGED CELL SHAPE

• OFTEN MULTI-STEP SERIES
• EACH STEP CATALYZED BY AN ENZYME
• PRODUCT OF 1 REACTION IS OFTEN THE SUBSTRATE FOR THE NEXT REACTION
• MANY HAVE BRANCHES THAT PROVIDE ALTERNATE METHODS FOR NUTRIENT PROCESSING
• DON'T STAND ALONE, INTERCONNECTED AND MERGE AT MANY SITES

STARTING MOLECULE IS REGENERATED TO INITIATE ANOTHER TURN OF THE CYCLE

NITROGEN BASE (ADENINE) LINKED TO A 5 CARBON SUGAR (RIBOSE) WITH A CHAIN OF 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS BONDED TO THE RIBOSE

TO STORE AND RELEASE ENERGY

• WHEN A COMPOUND RECEIVES AN ELECTRON
• THEREFORE INCREASING ITS NEGATIVE CHARGE

TO PASS ELECTRONS TO THE NEXT CARRIER DOWN THE LINE IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

THE REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN DURING A REDOX REACTION

THE BREAKING DOWN OF A MOLECULE BY THE ADDITION OF WATER

• 1 GLUCOSE -> USES 2 ATP
• 2 PYRUVIC ACID
• 2 NADH
• 4 ATP
• NET GAIN OF 2 ATP

• 2 PYRUVIC ACID ->
• 2 ACETYL CoA
• 2 NADH
• 2 CO2

• ACETYL CoA DONATES TO 2C TO OXALOACETATE TO FORM 6C CITRATE
• 2 ACETYL CoA  X  3 NADH = 6 NADH
•                            1 FADH = 3 FADH2
•                            2 CO2 = 4 CO2
•                            1 ATP = 2 ATP

• 10 NADH X 3 ATP = 30 ATP
• 2 FADH2 X 2 ATP = 4 ATP

• GLYCOLYSIS, INTERMEDIATE, KREBS CYCLE, AND THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN TO PRODUCE ENERGY
• CONVERTS GLUCOSE TO CO2
• USES OXYGEN AS THE FINAL HYDROGEN AND ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

• USED BY ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS AND THOSE WHO CAN METABOLIZE WITH OR WITHOUT OXYGEN
• GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS CYCLE, AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN TO PRODUCE ENERGY
• USES NO_3, SO_4^2-, CO_3^3- AS FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTORS

• INCOMPLETE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE
• OXYGEN IS NOT REQUIRED
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTORS

WHEN REMAINING CARBON COMPOUNDS ARE CONVERTED INTO KREBS CYCLE INTERMEDIATES

WHEN AMINO ACID GROUPS ARE REMOVED

• WHEN 2 CARBON UNITS ARE SUCCESSIVELY TRANSFERRED TO COENZYME A CREATING ACETYL CoA WHICH ENTERS THE KREBS CYCLE
• YIELDS 50 ATP

BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS BY THE ADDITION OF HYDROGEN

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ENZYME THAT PROVIDES ENERGY FOR THE CELL TO USE THROUGH THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP

• THE COUPLING OF ATP SYNTHESIS TO ELECTRON TRANSPORT
• EACH NADH -> 3 ATP
• EACH FADH -> 2 ATP

BREAKS DOWN SUPEROXIDE INTO OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

BREAKS DOWN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE INTO OXYGEN AND AND H20

PRODUCED BY AEROBES THAT DON'T HAVE CATALASE AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE IN ORDER TO HELP IN THE BREAKDOWN OF SUPEROXIDE