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how long is the spinal cord, and where does it go?
18 inches, from the occipital bone to second lumbar vertebrae
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what is the spinal cord protected by?
vertebrae, meninges, and CSF
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what is the pathway for sensory impulses traveling to brain and motor impulses traveling away from the brain?
spinal cord
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what is the completely pathway. it goes from the nervous system from a stimuli to a response?
reflect arc
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where does the sensory impulse enter the spinal cord at? it is composed of gray matter?
dorsal horn
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sensory impulse travels upwards towards the brain on what neurons?
afferent neurons in ascending tracts
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motor impulse travels downard away from brain on what neurons?
efferent neurons in descending tracts
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where does the motor impulse leave the spinal cord, it is composed of gray matter?
ventral horn
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what is a rapid, simple automatic response that involves only a few neurons?
simple relfex
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what kind of reflex passes through the spinal cord only?
spinal reflex (knee-jerk reflex)
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spinal nerves attach to spinal cord by what two roots?
ventral root (motor)
dorsal root (sensory)
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where do the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord?
- through an opening in vertebrae
- * interverbral forman
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spinal nerves branch from spinal cord in anterior and posterior what?
plexus
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what plexus supplies motor impulses to neck muscle and receive sensory impulses from neck and back of head?
cervical
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what plexus includes the phrenic nerve?
cervical plexus
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what plexus supplies the nerve to shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, hand?
brachial
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what plexus includes the radial nerve?
brachial plexus
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what plexus is nerve supply to legs & pelvis?
lumbosacral plexus
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what plexus includes the sciatic nerve?
lumbosacral plexus
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what are the sensory neurons all over the body on skin (except face/scalp) and sens info through spinal cord to cNS on spinal nerves?
dermatomes
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what is used to help identify which spinal nerve is involved in an injury (ex. herpes, sciatica)?
dermatomes
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what is protected under 3 layers of membranes (meninges, CSF, bone)?
brain
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what four parts of the brain function together?
- cerebrum
- diecephalon
- cerebellum
- brain stem
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what is the name for three layers of connective tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord?
meninges
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what meninges is the outermost layer attached to the skull?
dura matter
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what meninges is the middle layer which is between the dura matter and pia matter?
arachnoid
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what meninges is the innermost layer, attached to brain and spinal corr, supplies blood, nutrients, and oxygen?
pia matter
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what is the clear liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord, it acts as a shock absorber?
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
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what is four hollow cavities deep within the brain?
ventricles
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what is the canal that the 3rd and 4th ventricle connect?
cerebral aqueduct
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2 ventricles in each hemisphere
2 lateral
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what ventricle is continuous with the central canal and spinal cord?
fourth ventricle
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what ventricle contains openings that allow the cfs to flow to areas around brain and spinal cord?
fourth ventricle
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what is the name for pia matter lining each ventricle that provides vascular networking?
choroid plexus
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what produces by CSF and filters blood and release any additional secretions?
choroid plexus
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what is the largest, uppermost part of the brain?
cerebrum
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what cortex is the outer layer of gray matter is the cerebrum?
cerebral cortex
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what part of the cerebral cortex is made up of white matter than connects with other parts of the brain?
inner area
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what part of the brain is responsible for voluntary movement, conscious thought, memory, reason, and abstract thinking?
cerebrum
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the cerebrum is divided intro right/left hemispheres by what groove?
the longitudinal fissure
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hemispheres are connected by white matter called?
corpus callosum
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what white matter allows impulses to pass from one side of the brain to another?
corpus callosum
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what is the word for elevations on the surface of the cerebral cortex?
gyri *gyrus*
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what is the name for grooves between the gyri that are on the surface of the cerebral cortex?
sulci *sulcus*
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the sulcus has two sulci what are they?
central, and lateral
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what sulcus is between the frontal and parietal lobes that is positions at right angle to longitudinal fissure?
central sulcus
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what sulcus curves alongside of each hemisphere separating temporal lobes from frontal and parietal lobes?
lateral sulcus
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what is the four names of the visible lobes?
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
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what hemisphere is anterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral sulcus?
frontal
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what area in the frontal lobe provides conscious control of voluntary skeletal muscle?
primary motor area
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what part of the frontal lobe is used for spoke/written communication?
motor speech area (broca's area)
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if thisĀ lobe is damages it can cause motor aphasia?
frontal
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what lobe is posterior to central sulcus, and superior to lateral sulcus?
parietal
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what lobe has an area that receives/interprets nerve impulses coming from sensory receptors?
parietal
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what lobe has the ability to estimate distance, size, and shape?
parietal
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what lobe is inferior to lateral sulcus, and is the folding under hemisphere on each side?
temporal
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what lobe participates in receiving/interpreting impulse from the ear?
temporal
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what is the name of the area which provides conscious control over voluntary skeletal muscle?
primary central area
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what area is used for spoken/written communication?
motor speech area
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what are receives/interprets nerve impulses coming from sensory receptors?
primary sensory area
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what area detects sounds from the environment, its in the temporal lobe?
auditory receiving area
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what area interprets sound, its in the temporal lobe?
auditory association area
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what area functions in speech comprehension, it is in the temporal lobe?
- speech comprehension area
- (wernicke area)
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what area interprets smell from receptors in nose "olfaction" it is in the temporal lobe?
olfactory area
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what lobe is posterior to parietal lobe, and extends over the cerebellum?
occipital lobe
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what lobe has visual receiving area & association area that interprets impulse that comes from retina of the eye?
occipital lobe
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what area is the visual receiving area & association area for interpreting impulse that comes from retina of eye?
visual area
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what lobe exists but you cant see it from the outside?
insula
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what neuroglial cell is this?
astrocyte
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what does this illustrate ?
dermatomes
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- a- axon
- b- dendrites
- c- cell body
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1- polarization
- 2- depolarization
- 3- action potention
- 4- repolarization
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