TEST I

A virus that only infects plants

it only contains single RNA strains

A small infectious protein that results in improperly folded proteins,  

causes mad cow disease

1. all living things are acomposed of cells

2. All cells come from preexisting cells 

3. cell are the basic unit of structure in all living things 

4. Separated into two groups: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

1. The basic structural unit of matter

2. Atomic # is the amount of PROTONS  in and is different for each ELEMENT

It is the number of PROTONS + NEUTRONS

ATOM with the same number of Protons but a varying number of ELECTRONS (this changes the charge of the ATOM

• anion = negative charge
• cation = positive charge

• An ATOM that has the same number of PROTONS but a varying number of NEUTRONS
• - this changes the mass of the atom

All of the noble gases have 8 electrons in their outer valence and are stable

The remaining elements will donate or receive electrons to acheive an 8 electron shell

the two models drawn to show this are the Bohr's model and the Lewis Dot Formula

• Formed by passing one electron to another
•       One atom becomes positive, the other negative and they attract each other

Occurs between metals and non-metals

a bond that is formed when electrons are shared between two non metals

Bonds can be single, doube, triple, tetra

Will produce polar and non-polar molecules

A molecule that the electrons from each atom spend equal time around both nuclei

a molecule that the electrons from the smaller atom spend more time around the nucleus of the molecule with the greater positive charge

the weak electrical attraction between positive and negative portions of POLAR MOLECULES

the building blocks of complex orgainic molecules

• 1. High Surface Tension - resists breaking
• 2. Cohesion - water molecules stick to water   molecules
• 3. Adhesion - water molecules stick to charge molecules
• 4. High Specific Heat - 1 Calorie/gram
• 5. Universal Solvent - becomes H+ , OH-
• pH is relative to the amount H+, OH- present.  -7 = acidic high in H+
•               +7 = basic high in OH-

The study of matter and how it interact

Matter = anything that has volume and mass

volume = anything that takes up space

mass = how much space

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Only transferred or transformed

Every transfer or transformation of energy increases the entropy of the universe

entropy equals randomness

The quantity of the energy does not change, by the quality does

The transfer of energy from a Catabolic Reaction to a Anabolic Reaction

• The high energy molecule that is composed of a ribose, nitrogen base, and a three phospate group. 
• The phosphate groups are negatively charged and unstable

Phosphorilization makes molecules more reactive

this is associated with Anabolic Reactions and work AGAINST ENTROPY

• 1. Needs energy INPUT
• 2. ENERGY is consumed by the reactions and STORED in the PRODUCT
• 3.

Associated with CATABOLISM and FAVORS ENTROPY

LOSS or OUTPUT of ENERGY

• ENERGY is RELEASES by the REACTANT
• LOW ENERGY is in the PRODUCTS

The use of organisms to remove polluntants from the atmoshpere

- The engineering of Bacteria with SPECIFIC GENES to AID the environment

Active; takes over the host cell

uses the machinery of the host cell to make more of its own DNA/RNA, proteins, and other components

Once an army in created, the cell will burst and the army goes on to infect other cells

Can swith to the LYSOGENIC CYCLE

the dormant cycle caused by temperature strain

Lives within the Genome of the host

Viral DNA is copied every time the host cell divides

Can switch to the Lytic cylce

these are associated with Anabolic Reactions

the forming of a glycosidic bond that requires ATP and the REMOVAL of a WATER MOLECULE

these are associated with CATABOLIC REACTIONS

Involving the BREAKING of the PEPTIDE BOND between two amino acids

Requires addind the H and OH from a water molecule to each end of the amino acids