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The concept that everyone is where they are at based on their own decisions; Anyone can achieve the American Dream
Free-Will
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The scientific study of human society and its origins.
Sociology
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Sociological Imagination
The relationship between an individual and society; Social outcomes are shaped by social context and actions.
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Social Institutions
an established and enduring pattern of social relationships. (Religion, Politics, Family, Education ect)
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The meaning and ways of life that characterized a society. Including: beliefs, values, norms, and symbols.
Culture
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Looks at the "big picture" of society and suggests how problems are effected at the institution level.
Macrosociology
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Microsociology
Concerned with the social psychological dynamics of individuals interacting in small groups; Small scale; Face to face.
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A set of statements that explains why a particular phenomena happens
A Theory
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The academic disciplines concerned with society and human nature.
Social Science
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Branches of science that explain "rules" that govern the natural world
Natural Science
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Benefits of studying Sociological Perspective?
Helps us understand how the social structure affects our lives; There are many different perspectives
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What is the Sociological Perspective?
Its how we look at society.
ex. It may be a functionalist perspective or a conflict perspective.
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The ability to perceive or describe something without being influenced by personal emotions or prejudices. (Mainly fact and empirical)
Objectivity
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Interpretation based on personal opinions or feelings, rather then facts of evidence.
Subjectivity
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A phenomenon regarded as bad or undesirable by a significant number of people or a number of significant people
Social Problem
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Critical Constructionism
Looks at what social problems get a great deal of attention and how those constructions are influenced by elite interests.
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Auguste Comte
Known as the father of Sociology. He argued the empirical study of Society.
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Which two theories does Critical Constructionism synthesize?
Conflict theory and Functionalism
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Functionalism
Based of Durkham; How all parts of society play a role to ensure society survival. (crimes, prostitution ect)
"How does this help society?"
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Conflict Theory
Based of Karl Marx; Examines ways in which groups disagree, struggle over power and compete for scarce resources.
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Symbolic interactionism
Looks at individuals everyday behavior and communication through symbols and shared meanings
Micro- level perspective
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Feminist Theory
Explain the social, economic and political position of women in society. Focuses on gender issues and equality.
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Nature vs Nurture
The debate that some qualities of human behavior are genetic and natural vs it being learned through social influences.
Used in the debate in homosexuality and intelligence level.
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A group significant in size or composition that mobilizes to remedy a social problem
Social Movement Organizations
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Judging another person or culture solely off the values and standards of ones own culture
Ethnocentrism
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Company that owns large numbers of companies in various mass media such as television, radio, publishing, movies ect
Media Conglomerate
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What are two basic types of government?
Capitalism and Socialism
Both considered economic terms
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Deregulation
Less regulation for companies. Making them able to control more of their policies to make more money.
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What happened to job security? When did these trends start?
Job security became non existent. With deregulation, reganomics, companies were about to out source jobs for cheaper labor
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Democratic Socialism
- Political left (Liberalism)
- Supports big government, in favor of regulation, lowering inequality, higher taxes.
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Inability to afford the basic necessities of living
Absolute Poverty
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Ability to afford basic living needs, but no added extras
Relative Poverty
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Welfare vs Wealthfare
Welfare: Providing minimal level of well being and support.
Wealthfare: Government aid to upper and middle class (lowered taxes or interest rates)
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Internal renewal of economic structure under capitalism; Destroys old ways in favor of new ways of production
Creative Destruction
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Deficiency Theories
Innate Inferiority: Being born with the sense of personal inferiority
Cultural Inferiority: Sense of being inferior due to cultural.
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Structural Theories
Institutional Discrimination: Discrimination based off the "business usual".
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The practice of acquiring full or partial political control of another county
Colonialism
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