Biology 2nd semester

an arrangement of genes on a chromosome

A four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

Refers to chromosomes that have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite sex parent.

cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

cell that only contains a single set of chromosomes (genes)

protein that regulates the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth.

one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the neuclear envelope

fanlike microtubule structure that helps seperate the chromosomes during mitosis

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome.

area where the chromosomes of a chromosome are attached

process where a cell divides into two daughter cells

part of eukaryotic cell division where the cell neucleus divides

process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

the scientific study of heredity

offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.

• AA - the big A is dominant
• Aa - the big A is dominant over little a

aa - little a is the recessive.

an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

an oragnism that has two of the same allele for a trait

both alleles in a genotype occur in the phenotype

one allele is not completely dominant over the other

trait controlled by two or more genes

one of a number of different forms for a gene

genetic makeup of a organism

physical characteristics of a organism

chromosome that isn't a sex chromosome

one of two chromosomes that determines a individuals gender

chart that shows relationships through a family

only the individuals with the desired traits to produce for the next generation

crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best traits of both organisms

breeding of individuals with similar desired traits to maintain those traits

any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation

dna produced by combining dna from different sources

enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.

combined genetic information of all members of a particular species

random changes of allele frequencies that occur in small populations

the ability to survive in your environment (survival of the fittest)

inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival

• "survival of the fittest"
• individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully

# of times an allele occurs in the gene pool compared with the # of times the other alleles occur

change in a kind of organisms over time

ALSO: the process where modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

different types

situation where allele frequencies remain constant.

unrelated organisms evolve similarities while living in similar enviroments

long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid changes

adapting and evolving in response to another organism.

single species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways