Biology-Chapter 32(examII)

plant gets from air, uses for photosynthesis

through soil, inorganic substance obtained in greatest quantity of soil

gets it from air, process of cellular respiration

takes it by soil, phosphorous-nitrogen-(protein, ATP, chlorophyll)

increase surface area of root, allow ability to extract water and minerals from soil, increase efficiency

water and selected solutes cross the cell wall and plasma membrane of an epidermal cell (usually the root hair)
-cells within the root are interconnected by plasmodesmata
-once inside the epidermal cell, the solution can move inward from cell to cell without crossing plasma membranes, through to the roots epidermis

solution moves inward within hydrophilic walls and extracellular spaces of the roots cells, not entering cytoplasm of epidermis or cortex cells
-solution does not cross any plama membranes so there is no selection of solutes until solution reaches endodermis

waxy barrier stops water and solutes from entering xylem through cell walls, forcing them to cross the plasma membrane into endodermal cell
-no solutes enter the vascular tissue unchecked, so all must pass through at least one checkpoint

pushing process, ions are pumped by active transport into xylem , roots endodermis holds the ions there
-ions accumulate in the xylem, water enters by osmosis pushing xylem sap upward

pulling process, loss of water from the leaves and aerial parts of plant by diffusion/evaporation, moving large volumes of water from roots to shoots

sticking together of molecules of the same kind (H2O), part of transpiration

sticking together of molecules of differend kinds (H2O, cellulose molecules that line xylem cells), part of transpiration

transpiration exerts a pull on a tense, unbroken chain of water molecules held together by cohesion and helped upward by adhesion