Chapter 4: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

• 1. Dna  has no enclosed membrane
• 2. lack membrane enclosed organelles
• 3. cell walls are complex polysacharide peptidoglycan
• 4. Divide with binary fission

• 1.Has nucleus to sep dna from cytoplasm
• 2. have many membrane enclosed organeles
• 3. chemically simple cell walls.
• 4. cell division: mitosis.

BOTH have it!

similarities: phospholipid bilayer with proteins, separates cells from outside

Differences: not applicable

• Prokaryote:
• Bacteria has peptidoglycan;
• Archea-Pseudopeptidoglycan

• Eukayotes:
• Fungi: Chitin
• Plants&Algae: Cellulose

Similarities: structural support, resists bursting, made of polysaccharides

Differences: Chemical composition; some eukaryote do lack cell walls

Prokaryotes: Circular, only one chromosome in "nucleoid" region

Eukaryotes: Linear, variable number of chromosomes/associated with histone protiens

• Similarities: Made of DNA
• Differences: Different (?) and organization

• Prokaryote: NONE
• Eukaryote: Present :D

**THIS IS THE DIFFERENCE**

Prokaryote: Rotational motion in Bacteria

Eukaryote: whiplike in animals

• Similarities: Locomotion
• Differences: Diff type of motion & chem compositon

• Prokaryote: Present
• Eukaryote: Present, some associated with RER

• Similarities: Protein synthesis
• Diffs: prok have smaller ribosomes

• Prokaryote: NOT PRESENT,
• Eukaryote: Rough ER, Mitochondria, Golgi Body, lysosomes, chloroplast

• Similarities:None.
• Differences: Prok lack; euk often have several membrane bound organelles

• Firmly attached to cell wall (made of glycolax-gelatinous polymer)
• -protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis :(

• another type of glycolax;
• Loose, thinner, flexible attached to cell
• -Helps bacteria attach to surface

Resting structures formed by some bacteria, allows for survival during adverse environmental conditions (dry conditions)

• Characteristics:
• very little water
• resistant to heat, uv rays and disinfectants

• Components: cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes, peptidoglycan, spore coat (protein) and dipicolinic acid
•  
• Locations: terminal(very end), central and subterminal (almost end)

ex: clostridium tetani

• 1. DNA is replicated
• 2. Endospore forms when plasma membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and spore coat surround DNA
• 3. endopsore is related as vegative cell disintegrates

 "germination": return of endospore to it's vegetative state

• 1. calibrate by increasing or decreasing temp
• 4. spermination
• 5. Pasteurization, canned food: get rid of botchulism endospores

a glycocalyx that helps cells in biofilm attach to target environment and allow bacteria to survive

• Nuclear envelop attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• --surface for chem reactions and transport network.
• --RER: protein synthesis/transport

flattened sacs (cisterns); fuctions in membrane formation & protein secretions

form by golgi complexes; store digestive enzymes

memb enclosed cavities; give rigidity to plant cells

• primary ATP site production;
• contain 70S ribosomes & dna.-multiply by binary fission

polymer consisting of NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) & NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid) and short amino acid chains; penicillin interferes with this wall

--in gram positive cell walls; crystal violet combines with peptidoglycan but decolorizer removed the lipid outer memb of gram negative bacteria and washes out crystal violet.

Gram neg walls: thin peptidoglycan layer and a lipopolysaccharide-lipoprotien-phospholipid layer (-.-)

• -MUCH more complex-Thin layer of peptidoglycan
• -LPS (lipopolysaccaride)
• -Porins
• -Periplasms with chemoreceptors: gel like fluid between outer membrane and the plasma membrane
• -NO teichoic acids;

• OUTER membrane: contains LPS, lipoprotiens and phospholipids
• --gives wall strong neg charge
• --provides barrier to antibiotics, digestive enzymes,and dyes
• --Porins: channels allow nucleotides, amino acids

• -Many layers of peptidoglycan
• -Thick ridgid structure
• -teichoic acids: alcohols (glycerol) and phosphate; gives wall antigenic specificity to allow group into "gram pos" cells

-Based on differences between cell wall structure (type of differential stain)

Crystal violet (primary) stain both cells

Iodine: forms large crystals with dye that are TOO large to escape through wall

Alcohol: dehydrates peptidoglycan of gram positive cells and make it more impermeable to crytal violet-iodine.  BUT on gram negative: the alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of gram negative cells and even leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer SO THAT crystal-violet-iodiine leaves!

This is why safranin must be added to stain gram negative cells (turn them red)--contrasting stain

• Composed of NAG & NAM
• -NAG: N-acetylglucosamine
• -NAM: N-Acetylmuramic acid

• Rod/bacillus: cylinders
• coccus: sphere
• spiral: spirillium (w/flagella) or spirochete (axial filaments-rotate)
• star
• pleiomorphic: many shapes (corynebacterium diphtheriae-cause diphtheria)
• coccobacilillus

• the ways cell stick together:
• 1. strepto: chains of cells
• 2. tetrad: group of 4 cells
• 3. stahylo: grape like clusters
• 4. palisade: picket fence
• 5. diplococcus: two circle oo

• a. nutrient storage:
• --> ex: polysaccharides granules for store starch
• --> lipid inclusions store lipids
• -->sulfur bacteria store sulfur as energy source
•  

• b. metachromatic granules with phosphate (turn red): inorganic phosphate storage
• --> used to diagnose Corynebacterium diphtheriae

c. magnetosomes: contains iron compounds, use to orignet to magnetic fields

Pili: straight, hairlike, gene transfering

Fimbria: straight hairlike for attachment ex: neisseria gonorrheae

long appendages that propel bacteria

monotrichous: single flagellum at one pole

Peritrichous: flagella distributed over entire cell

amphitrichous: flagella at both poles of the cell

flagellin: protein that is the main component of the filament

• Main parts of flagella:
• Basal Body-anchored the whole flagellum to the cell wall and PM
• Hook: rotates
• filaments

-Community of bacteria; form at liquid-solid interfaces; slime layer (extracellular polymeric substance-EPS:helps bacteria attach to surfaces)

-protected from antibodies and antibiotics; wbc's create inflammation

-found: teeth, rock in a pond, pet's waterdish

• advantages of biofilm:
• prevents dehydration
• share nutrients
• protection from host immune system (antibodies or wbc phagocytosis)

• 1. Protective barrier
• 2. Physically remove them

• Bacteria organize into communities using chemical communication to make biofilms,
• disruption will allow for prevetnion