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Rhythm
the controlled movement of music in time
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Beat
Regular pulsation: a basic unit of length in musicla time
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Accent
the emphasis on a beat resulting in its being louder or longer than another in a measure
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Meter
Organization of rhythm in time; the grouping of beats into larger, regular pattens notated as measures
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measures
Rythmic group or metricla unit that contains a fixed number of beats, divided on the musical staff by bar lines.
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Measure lines
Vertival lines through the staff that separate meteric units, or measures. Also called barlines
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Downbeat
First beat of the measure, the strongest in any meter
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Duple meter
basic metrical pattern of two beats to a measure
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Triple meter
Basic metrical pattern of three beats to a measure
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quadruple meter
Basic metrical pattern of beats to a measure. Also common time
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Simple meter
Grouping of rhythms in which the beat is subdivided into two, as in duple, triple and quaduple meters
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Compound meter
Meter in which each beat is subdivided into three rather than two
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sextuple meter
Compound metrical pattern of six beats to a measure
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upbeat
last beat of a measure, a weak beat which anticipates the downbeat
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Melody
succession of single tones or pitches perceived by the mind as a unity
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Range
Distance between the lowest and highest tons of a melody and instrument or a voice
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contour
the overall shape of a melodic line. It can move upward, downward, remain static
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Interval
Distance and relationship between two pitches
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Conjunct
smooth connnecte melody that moves principally by small intervals
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Disjunct
disjointed or disconected melody with many leaps
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phrase
musical unit; often component of a melody
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cadence
resting place in a musical phrase; music punctuation
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Frequency
Rate of vibration of a string or column of air, which determines pitch
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nte
musical symbol denothing pitch and duration
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amplitude
degree of loudness or softhness of a sound
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timbre/tone color
the quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another
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rhyme scheme
the arrangment of rhyming words or corresponding sounds at the end of poetic lines
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climax
the high point in a melodic line or piece of music usually representing the peak of intesnity
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Countermelody
accompanying melody sounded against the princial melody
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Sycopation
deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat or an offbeat
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offbeat
a weak beat or any pulse between the beats in a measured rhytmic pattern
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polyrhythm
the simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns or meters, common in twentieth-century music and in certain african musics
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additive meter
patterns of beats that subdivide into smaller, irregular groups common in certain eastern european musics
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nonmetric
music lacking a strong sense of beat or meter, common incertain non-western musics
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Interval
distance and relationship between two PITCHES
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Chord
simultaneous combination of three or more tones that constitute a single block of harmony
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harmony
the simultaneous combination of notes nad the ensuing relationships off intervals and chords
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scale
series of tones in ascending or descending order; may present the notes of a key
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octave
Interval betweeen two tones seven diatonic pitches apart; the lower note vibrates half as fast as the upper and sounds an octave lower.
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Triad
common chord type, consisting of three pitches built on alternate tones of the scale
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Tonic
the first note of the scale or key (keynote)
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Tonality
principle of organization around a tonic, or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale
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dissonacne
combination of tones that sounds discordant and unstable in need of resolution
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Consonacne
concordant or harmonious combination of tones that provides a sense of relaxation and stability in music
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drone
Sustained sounding of one or several tones for harmonic support, a common feature of some folk musics
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Half step
Smallest interval used in the Western system; the octave divides into twelve such intervals; on the piano, the distance between any two adjacent keys whether black or white also semitone.
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Chromatic/ chromatic scale
Melody or Harmony built from many if not all twelve semitones of the octave. A chromatic scale consists of an ascending or descending sequence of semitones
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Sharp sign
Musical symbol that indicates raising a pitch by a semitone
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flat
Musical symbol that indicate slowering a pitch by a semitone.
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Whole step
Interval consissting of two half steps or semitones
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key
defines the relationshi of tones with a common center or tonic. Also a lever on a keyboard or woodwind instrument
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Diatonic
melody or harmony built from the seven tones of a major or minor scale. a diatonic scale encompasses patterns of seven whole tones and semitones
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Pentatonic
Five-note pattern used in some African , far eastern and native American musics; can also be found in Western music as an example of exoticism
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tritonic
three note scale pattern used in the music of some subsaharan african cultures
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Heptatonic
Seven-note scale; in nonWestern musics, often fashioned from a differnt combination of intervals than major and minor scales
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Microtone
Musical interval smaller than a semitone prevalent in some non Western musics and in some twentieth century art music
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inflection
Small alteration of the pitch by a microtonal interval(blue note)
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active chords
In the diatonic system chords which need to resolve the tonic chord. These include the dominant chord and the subdominant chord
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Rest chord
A chord that achieves a sense of resolution or completion, normally the tonic
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Dominant
the fifth scale step (sol)
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Subdominant
the fourth scale step
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Modulation
The process of changing from one key to another
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Texture
the interweaving of melodic (horizontal) and Harmonic (vertical ) elements in the musical fabric
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Monophonic
singleline texture or melody without accompaniment
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Heterophonic
Texture in which two or more voices (or parts) elaborate the same melody simultaneously often the result of improvisation
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Improvisation
Creation of a musical composition while it si being performed, seen in Baroque ornamentation cadenzas of concertos, jazz and some non Western musics
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Polyphony
two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture, as distinct from monophonic
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Counterpoint
the art of combining in a single texture two or more melodic lines
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homophonic
texture with principal melody and accompanying harmony as distinct from polyphony
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homorhythimic
Texture in which all voices or lines move together in the same rhythm
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Imitation
Melodic idea presented in once voice and then restated in another each part continuing as others enter
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Canon
Type of polyphonic composition in which one musical line imitates another at a fixed distance throughout
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Round
Perpetual canon at the unison in which each voice enters in succession with the same melody
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Form
Structure and design in music, based on repetition, contrast, and variation; the organizing principle of music.
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Repetition
a compositional technique whereby a passage or section is restated
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Contrast
use of opposing musical elements to emphasize difference and variety
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Strophic form
song structure in which the same music is repeated with every stanze (strophe of the poem
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Variation
The com positional procedure of altering a preexisting musical idea
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Binary form
two part form with each section normally repeated
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Ternary form
three part for based on a statement, contrast or departure, and repetion
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Theme
melodic idea used as a basic building block in the construction of a composition (subject)
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Thematic devellopment/thematic transformation
Musical expansion of a theme by varying its melodic outline harmony or rhythm
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Sequence
restatement of an idea or motive at a different pitch level
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Motive
Short melodic or rhythmic idea; the smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodic harmonic rhythmic unit
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Call and response
Performance style with a singing leader who is imitated by a chorus of follwers
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Responsorial singing
Singing especially in Gregorian chant, in which a soloist or a group of soloists alternates with the choir
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Ostinato
A short melodic rhythmic or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout a work or a section of one
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movement
Complete, self-contained part within a larger musical work
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tempo
rate of speed or pace of music
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Dynamics
Element of musical expression relating to the degree of loudness or softness or volume of a sound
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Instrument
Mechanism that generates musical vibrations and transmits tem into the air
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Register
Specific area in the range of an instrument or voice
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Soprano
highest ranged voice normally possessed by women or boys
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Mezzo-soprano
femal voice of the middle range
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Alto/contralto
Lowest of the female voices - also Contralto
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Tenor
Male voice of high range. also a part, often structural in polyphony
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Baritone
male voice of the moderately low range
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bass
lowest of the male voices
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vibrato
small fluctuation of pitch used as an expressive device to intesify a sound
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Aerophone
instruments such as a flute whistle or horn that produce sound by usint air as the primary vibrating means
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chordophone
instrument that produces sound from a vibrating string stretche between two points; the string may be set in motion by bowing striking or plucking
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Idiophone
Instrument that produces sound from the substance of the instument itself by bein struck blown shaken scraped or rubbed. Examples include bells, rattles, xylophones, and cymbals
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membranophone
Any instrument that produces sound tightly stetched membranes that can be struck plucked rubbed or sung into
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bow
a slightly curved stick with hair or fibers attached at both ends, drawn over the strings of an instrument to set them i nmotion
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pluck
to sound the strings of an instrument using fingers or a piectrum or pick
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Violin
soprano, or highest- ranged, member of the bowed-string instrument family
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viola
bowedstring instrument of middle range; the second higheset member of the violin family
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Double
to perform the same notes with more than one coice or instrument either at the same pitch level or an octave higher or lower.
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Violoncello/cello
Bowed string instrument with a middle to low range and dark rich sonority; lower than a viola
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Double bass/ contrabass / bass viol
Largest and lowest-pitched member of the bowed string family
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legato
Smooth and connected; opposite of staccto
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Stacato
short detached notes marked with a dot above them
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Pizzicato
performance direction to pluck a string of a bowed instrument with the finger
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Glissando
rapid slide through pitches of a scale
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double-stop
Playing two notes simultaneously on a string instrument
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Triple-stop
Playing three notes simultaneously on a string instrument
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Quadruple-stop
Playing four notes simultaneously on a string instrument
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Mute
mechanical device used to muffle the sound of an instrument
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Harmonics
individual pure sounds that are part of any musical tone; in string instruments, crystalline tones in the very high register, produced by lightly touching a vibrating string at a certain point
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harp
Plucked string instrument triangular in shape with strings perpendicular to the soundboard
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Arpeggio
broken chord in which the individual tones are sounded one after another instead of simultaneously
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Chorus
Fairly large group of singers who perform together, usually with several on each part . Also a choral movement of a large scale work
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Choir
A group of singers who perform together, usually in parts, with several on each part; often associated with a church
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SATB
Abbreviation for the standard voices in a chorus or choir; Soparano, Alto, Tenor, Bass;
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a capella
choral music performed without instrumental accompaniment
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Madrigal choir
small vocal ensemble that specializeds in a capella secular works
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chamber choir
small group of up to about twenty four signers who usually perform a capella or with piano accompaniment
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Chamber music
Ensemble music for up to about ten players with one player to a part
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String quartet
Chamber music ensemble consisting of two violines viola and cello. multimovement compostion for this ensemble
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Piano trio
standard chamber ensemble of piano with violin and cello
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Piano trio
standard chamber ensemble of piano and violin and cello
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Sextet
chamber music for six instruments or voices
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Septet
Chamber music for seven instruments or voices
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Octet
Chamber music for eight instrumetns of voices
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woodwind quintet
Standard chamber ensemble consisting of one of each of the following: flue, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn (not a woodwind instrument)
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brass quintet
standard chamber enseble made up of two trumpets, horn trombone and tuba
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Concert band/ wind ensemble
Instrumental enseble ranging from forty to eighty members or more, consisting of wind and percussion instruments
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Marching band
Instrumental ensemble for enertainment at sports events and parades, consisting of wind an percussion instruments , drum majors/ majorettes, and baton twirlers
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jazz band
Instrumental ensemble made up of reed (sax and clarinets, brass (trumpets and trombones) and rhythm sections ( percussion piano double bass and sometimes guitar
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Rock band
pop music ensemble that depends on amplified strings percussion electronically generated sounds.
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Baton
A thing stick, usually painted white used by conductors
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Concertmaster
the first chair violinist of a symphony orchestra
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Sacred music
religious or spiritual music
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Secular music
non religious music
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Genre
general term describing the standard character of a work
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Symphony
large work for orchestra, generally in three or four movements
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Form
Structure and design in music, based on repetition, contrast and variation; the organizing principle of music
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Medium
Perfoming forces employed in a certain musical work
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Opus number
A number, often part of the title of the piece, designating the work in chronological relationship to other works by the same composer
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Oral transmission
Preservation of music without the aid of written notation
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Crossover
recording or artist that appeals primarily to one audience but becomes popular with another as well
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Style
Characteristic manner of persentation of musical elements
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patronage
sponsorship of an artist or a musician , historically by a member of the wealthy or ruling classes.
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Liturgy
The set order of religious services sand the structure of each service and the structure of each service, within a particular denomination
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Gregorian chant/plainchant /plainsong
Monophonic melody with a freely flowing , unmeasured vocal line; liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church
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Syllabic
melodic style with one note to each syllable of text
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Neumatic
melodic style with two to four notes set to each syllabel
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melismatic
melodic style characterized by many notes sung to a single text syllable
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Neumes
early musical notation signs; square notes on a fourline staff
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Mode
Scale or sequence of notes used as the basis for a composition; major and minor are modes
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modal
Charcterizes music that is based on modes other than major and minor especially the early church modes
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Divine Offices
Cycle of daily services of the Roman Cathlic church distinct from the MASS
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Mass
central service of the Roman Catholic Church
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Proper
Sections of the Roman Catholic Mass that vary from day to day throughout the chruch year according to the particular liturgical occasion as distinct from the Ordinary
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Ordinary
Sections of the Roman Catholic Mass, Remains same from day to day throughout the church year
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Kyrie
The first item of the Ordinary in the Roman Catholic Mass its construction is three fold involving three repetions of Kyrie elesion then christe elesion and again of kyrie eleision
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Antiphonal
perfomance style in which an ensemble is divided into two or more groups perfoming in alternation and then together
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Latin
Ancient language of the Roma Empire; the language inthe middle ages and Renaissance; also the exclusive language of the Roman Catholic liturgy until the mid-twentieth century
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Organum
Earliest kind of polyphoinc music which developed form the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to it at the interval of a fifth or fourth and later moved more freely.
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oblique motion
Polyphonic voice movement in which one voice remains stationary while the others move
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Contrary motion
motion in opposite directions between individual parts in a polyphonic work
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Rhytmic modes
Fixed rhythmic patterns of long and short notes, popular in the thirteenth century
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Motet
polyphonic vocal genre, secular in the Middle ages but sacred or devotional therafter.
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Chanson
French monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the middle ages and renaissance set to either courtly or popular poetry
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madrigal
renaissance secular work originating in Italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to a short, lyric love poem
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word painting
musical pictorializing of words from the text as an expressive device, a prominent feature of the Renaissance madrigal
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Madrigalisms
striking effect designed to depict the meaning of the text in vocal music: found in many madrigals and other genres of the sixteenth through eighteeth centuries.
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Phrygain
One of the church modes often associated with a somber mood; built on the pitch E using only white keyes
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Pavane
Stately Renaissance court dance in duple meter
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Saltarello
italian "jumping dance' often characterized by triplets in a rapid 4/4 time
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Galliard
Lively Triple meter French court dance
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Allemande
German Dance in moderate duple time, popular during the Renaissance and Baroque periods often the first movement of a Baroque suite
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Ronde
Lively Renaissance Round dance associated iwth the outdoors in which the participants danced in a circle or a line
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Embellishment
melodic decoration, either improvised or indicated through ornamentation signs in the music
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Canzona
Late sixteenth and early seventeenh cenury instrumental genre featuring contrasting sections with contrapuntal versus homophonic textures and changing meters
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Monody
Vocal Style established in the Baroque, with a solo singer and instrumental accompaiment
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Camerata
literally Italian for salon: a gathering for literary artistics musical or philosophical discussions notably the Fliorentine amarata at the end of the sixteenth century
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Figured Bass
Baroque practive consisting of an independent bass line that often includes numerals indicating the harmony to be supplied by the performer
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Basso continuo
Italian for "continuous bass" refers to performance group with bass chordal instrument and one bass melody instrument
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Major-minor tonality
A harmonic system based on the use of Major and minor scales widely practivced from the seventeeth to the late nineteeth centur
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Equaltemperament
tuning system based on the division of the octave into twelve equal half steps; the system used today
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doctrine of the affections
Baroque doctrine of the union of text and music
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Castrato
Male singer who was castrated druing boyhood to preserve the soprano or alto vocal register, prominent in seventheenth and early eighteenth century opera
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Opera
Musical drama that is generally sung throughout, combinng the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and dram acting and pantomime scenery and costumes
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Recitative
Solo vocal declamatin that follows the inflection of the text, often resulting in a disjunct vocal style; found in opera cantata and oratoria can be secco or accompagnato
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Secco
Recitative singing style that features a sparse accompaniment and moves with great freedom
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accompagnato
accompanied ( recitative that is accompanied by orchestra
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Aria
Lyric song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment generally expressing intense emotion found in opera cantata an oratorio.
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Da capo aria
lyric song in ternary or A B A form commonly found in operas cantatas and oratorios
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overture
an inroductory movement as in opera or oratorio often presening melodies from arias to come. Also an orchestral work for concert performance
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Sinfonias
short orchestral work, found in Baroque opera to facilitate scene changes
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Librettist
The author of a libretto
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Libretto
Text or script of an opera oratorio cantata or musical written by a librettist
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Ground bass
A repeating melody usually in the bas throughout a vocal or instrumental composition
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Masque
English Genre of aristocratic entertainment that combined vocal and instrumental music with poetry and dance, developed during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
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Homepipe
country dance of British Isles often in a lively triple meter optional dacne movement of solo and orchestral baroque suite a type of duple meter hompipe is still popular in irish traditional dance music.
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Cantata
Vocal genre for solo singers, chorus, and insrumentalists based on a lyric or dramatic poetic narrative. It genreally consists of several movements including recitaatives arias and esemble numbers
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Oratorio
Large scale dramatic genre originating in the Baroque based on a text of religious or serious character perfomed by solo voices chorus and orchestra; similar to opera but without scenery, costumes, or action
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Chorale
Congregational hymn of the German lutheran Church
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Collegium musicum
An association fo amateur musicians popular in the Baroque era. Also a modern university ensemble dedicated to the performance of early music
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Bar form
three part A B A frequently used in music an poetry aparticularly in Germany
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ritomello
short recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto
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Opera seria
Tragic Italian opera
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Ballad
A form of English street song, popular from the sixteenth throughthe eighteenth centuries Bllads are characterized by narrative content and strophic form
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Balladd opera/dialogue opera
English comic opera usually featuring spoken dialogue alternating with songs set to popular tunes.
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French overture
Baroque instrumental introduction to an opera ballet, or suite in two sections a slow opening followed by an Allegro, often with a brief reprise of the opening.
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Courante
French Baroque dance, standard movement of the suite in triple meter at a moderate tempo
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Sarabane
stately Spanish Baroque dance type in triple meter, a standard movement of the Baroque suite
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jig
A vigorous dance developed in the British isles, usually in compound meter became fashionable onthe Continent as the gigue; still popular as an Irish traditional dance genre
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Gigue
popular english baroque dance tye a standard movement of the baroque suite in a lively compound meter
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minuet
an elegan triple meter dance type popular in the seventeeth and eighteenth centuries usually in binary form
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Gavotte
Duple meter french Baroque dance type with a moderate to quick tempo
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Bourree
Lively French Baroque dance type in duple meter
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Passepied
French Baroque court dance type; a faster version of the minuet
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rondo
Musical form in the with first section recurs usually in the tonic. In the Classical multimovement cycle it appears as the last movement in various forms incluidng ABABA, ABACA ABACABA
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Concerto
Instrumental genre in several movements of concertos that combines elements of Baroque ritornello
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Concerto grosso
Baroque concerto type based on the opposition between a small group of solo instruments and orchestra
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Concertino
Solo group of instruments in the Baroque concerto grosso
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Tutti
All ; opposite of solo
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Ripieno
The Larger of two ensembles in the Baroque concerto grosso
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Program Music
Instrumental music endowed with literary or pictorial associations especially popular in the nineteenth century.
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Clavichord
Stringed Keyboard instrument popular in the Renaissance and Baroque that is capable of unique expressive devices no possible on the harpsichord
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Sonata da camera/ Chamber sonata
Baroque chamber sonata, usually a suite of stylized dances
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Sonata da chiesa/church sonata
Baroque instrumental work intended for performance in church in four movements frequently arranged slow fast slow fast
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Trio Sonata
Baroque chamber sonata type written in three parts: two melody lines and the Basso continuo; requires a total of four players to perfom
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Rounded binary form
Compositional form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material from the first; each section is usually repeated
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Grace notes
Ornamental note, often printed in small type and not performed rhytmically
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Passacaglia
Baroque form in moderately slow triple meter, based on a short, repeated base-line meldoy that serves as the basis for continuous variation in other voices
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Chaconne
Baroque form similar to the passacaglia, in which the variations are based on a repeated chord progression
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Prelude
Instrumental work preceding a larger work
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Toccata
Virtuoso compostion generally for organ or harpsichord, in a free and rhapsodic style; in the Baroque, it often served as the introduction to a fuge
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Chorale Variations
Baroque organ piece in which a chorale is the basis for a set of variations
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Fugue
polyphoinc form popular in the Baroque era in with one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint
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Subject
main idea or theme of a work as in a fuge
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Answer
Second entry of the subject in a fuge usually pitched fourth below or a fifth above the subject
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Exposition
Opening section. In the Fugue the first section in which the voices enter in turn with the subject. in sonata-allegro form, the first section in which the major thematic material is stated.
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Episode
Interlude or intermediate section in the Baroque fuge that servves as an area of relaxation between statmens of the subject
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Augmentation
Statement of a melody in longer note values, often twice as slow as the origianl
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Diminutition
Statement of a melody in shorter note values, often twice as fast the orginal
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Retrograde
Backward staement of a melody
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Inversion
Mirror or upside-down image of a melody pattern found in fugues and twelve-tone compositions
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Stretto
In a fugue, when enries of the subject occur at faster intervals of time, so that they overlap formiing dense, imitative counterpoint. Stretto usually occurs at the climactic moment near the end.
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Troubador
Medieval poet-musiciansin southern France
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Trobaritz
Female Troubadours, compser poets of southern france
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Troveres
Medieval poet-musicians in northern France
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Minnesingers
Late medieval german poet musician
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Estampie
A dance from prevalent in late medieval France
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Ars antiqua
Polyphonic music style usually french ffrom the period c 1160 -1320
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Rondeau
Medieval and Renaissance fized poetic form and Chanson type with courtly love texts
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Ballade
French poetic form and Chanson type of the Middle ages and Renaissance with courtly love texts. also romantic genre, especially a lyric piano piece
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Virelai
Medieval and Renaissance fixed poetic form and chanson type with courtly love texts
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bas
Medieval category of soft instruments used prinicapally for indoor occasions as distict form haut or loud instruments
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Haut
Medieval category of lound instrumetns used mainly for outdoor occasions as distcit from bas or soft insturments
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Recorder
End blown woodwind instrument with a whistle moutpiece genreally associated with early music
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Pipe
A medieval flute with three holes that is blown at one end through a mouthpiece
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Lute
Pluked string instrument of Middle Eastern orgin popular in western Europe form the late Middle ages to the Eighteenth centure.
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Harp
Plucked-string insturment, triangular in shape with strings perpendicular to the soundboard
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Psaltery
medieval plucked string instrument similar to the modrn qither consisting of a sound vox over which strings were stretched.
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Hammered dulcimer
Metal stringed instrument with a trapezoidal sounds box, struck with hammers; an idiophone
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Vielle
Medieval bowed-sting instrument; the ancestor of the biolin
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Shawm
Meddival wind instrumnet, ancestor of the oboe
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Portative organ
Meieval organ small enough to be carried or set on a table, usually with only one set of pipes
-
Positive organ
Small single manual organ, popular in the Renaissance and Baroque eras
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Cantus firmus
Fixed melody "usually of very long notes, often based ona fragment of Gregorian chant that served as the structural basis for a polyphonic composition, particularyly in the Renaissance
-
Vernacular
The common language spoken by the people, as distinguished form the literary language, or language of the educated elite
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Counter-reformation
A reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that began in the mid-sixteenth century in reaction to the protestant reformation
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Concil of Trent
A council of the Roman catholic Church that convened in Trent, Italy from 1543 to 1565 and dealt with counter-reformation issues, including the reform of liturgical music
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Diatonic
Melody or Harmony built from the seven tones of a major or minor scale. A diatonic scale encompasses pattens of seven whole tones and semitones
-
Theme
melodic idea used as a basic building block inthe construction of a compostiton
-
Thematic development
Musical expansion of a theme by varying its melodic outline harmony or rhythm.
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Motive
Short melodic or rhythmic idea; the smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodicharmonic rhythmic unit
-
Sequence
Restatement of an idea or motive at a differn pitch level
-
Ostinato
A short melodic rhythmic or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout a work or a section of one
-
Absolute music
music that has no literary dramatic or pictorial program
-
Multimovemnet cycle
A three or four movement structure uesd in Classical era instrumental music especially the symphony sonata concerta and in chamber music; each movement is in a prescribed tempp and form sometimes called sonata cycle
-
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The opening movement of the multimovement cycle, consisting of themes that are stated in the first section exposition, developed in the second section (development_ and restated in the thrid section ( recapitulation) also sonata form or first movement form
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Expsition
Opening section. In the Fugue, the first section in which the voices enter in turn with the subject. In sonata- allegro form, the first section in which the major thematic material is stated
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Theme group
Several themes in the same key that funtion as a unit within a section of a form particularly in sonata- allegro form
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Bridge
Transitional passage connceting two sections of a composition; also transition. Also the part of a string instrument that holds the strings in place.
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Development
Structural reshaping of thematic material . Second Section of sonata-allegro form; it moves through a serises of foreign keys while temes from the exposition, are manipulated
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Recapitulation
Thrid section of sonata-allego form, in which the thematic material of the exposition is restated, generally in the tonic.
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Coda
The last part of a piece, usually addded to a standard form to bring it to a close
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Theme and variations
Compositional procedure in which a theme is stated and then altered in sucessive statements; occurs as an independent piece or as a movement of a multimovement cycle
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Melodic variation
The Procedure in which a melody is altered while certain fetures are manipulated. Often used in them and variations form
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Harmonic variation
The procedure inwhich the chords accompanying a melody are replaced by others. often used in theme and variations form
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Rhythmic variation
The procedure in which note lengths, meter, or tempo, is altered.
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Minuet and trio
An A B A form in a moderate triple meter, oftenthe thrid movement of the classical multimovement cycle
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da capo
An indicationto return to the beginning of a piece
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Rounded binary form
Compositional form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material form the first each section is usually repeated.
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Scherzo
composition in A B A form usually in triple meter; replaced the minuet and trio in the nineteenth century.
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Duo sonata
A chamber group comprised of a soloist with piano. Also in the Baroque period, a sonata for a melody instrument and basso continuo
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Piano trio
Piano vionlin and cello
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Divertimento
Classical instrumental gnre for chamber ensemble or soloist, often performed as light entertainment. Related to serenade and cassation
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Serenade
classical instrumental genre that combines elements of chamber music and symphony often perfomed inthe evening or at social functions. Related to divertimento an cassation
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Rocket theme
Quickly ascending rhytmic melody used in Vlassical era instrumental music; the technique is credited to composers in Mannheim, Germany
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Opera buffa
Italian comic opera, sung thoughout.
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Opera seria
tragic Italian Opera
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Singspeil
Comic German Drama with spken Dialogue; the immediate predecessor of Romantic German opera
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Steamroller effect
a Drawn-out crescendo heard in Classical era instrumental music; a technique credited to compsers in Mannheim germany
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work or movement based on a single them
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Modified sonata-allegro
A staement exposition and restatement ( recapitulation) of themes without the development section typical in sonata-allegro form
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Janissary music/ Turkish Janissary band
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Music of the military corps of the Turkish sultan, characterized by percussion instruments such as triangle, cybals, bell tree, and bass drum as well as trumpets and doublereed instrumetns
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cyclical form
Structure in which musical material such as a theme presented in one movement returns in a later movement.
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Cadenza
Virtuosic solo pjassage in the manner of improvisation, performed near the end of an aria or a movement of a concerto
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Concerto form/ fist movement concerto form
Structure commonly used in first movement of concertoes that combines elements of baroque ritornello procedure iwht sonata-allegro form
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Requiem mass
Roman Catholic Mass for the dea
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Opera comique
French comic opera with some spoken dialogue
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Buffo
In opera a male singer of comic roles usually a bass
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Viennese school
Title given to the three prominent composers of the Classical era: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.
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