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Model of Communication
Sender --> Message --> Receiver
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Feedback
- - information/comments between Receiver and Sender
- - ex. CATS, questions, body language
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Noise
- - An interruption between the Message and Receiver
- - affect/distortion of the message to the receiver
- - ex. distractions, day dreaming
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"One cannot not communicate"
- - a response/lack of response are equally important
- - do intentions matter?/are they required?
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Culture and Communication
- - non-verbal: hand gestures
- - personal space
- - language (written/spoken)
- - eating
- - generational
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Noam Chomsky
- - generative grammar
- - we have a pre-conception of language - to predict other ways of saying things that we are not familiar with
- - ex. green big balloon
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I.A. Richards
- - rhetorician
- - came up with the "proper meaning superstition"
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Proper meaning superstition
- - words have a precise, singular, definition - we may think this, but ITS NOT TRUE
- - there is a gap between the word and what it refers to, this gap comes from experience
- **experience is the difference
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rhetoric
- persuasive speech
- (according to the greeks)
- Aristotle wrote The Rhetoric, good people need to use rhetoric too, can be used to bring out the truth
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logos
- - logical proof
- - line of argument
- - organization/support of argument
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ethos
- - ethical proof
- - character is most important
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pathos
- - emotional proof
- - feelings drawn from the audience
- - pull on the audience's emotions
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hard sell
- - Rosser Reeves
- - repetition is key
- - simple, not complex
- - ex. IKE for prez, we like IKE
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soft/mind sell
- - goal is to activate your mind
- - push your ideas forward - don't tell the viewer what to think
- - make associations so that the audience makes their own associations
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signs (pg. 4)
- - non-verbal
- - involuntary expressions of emotion
- ex. facial expressions, eye contact, posture, gesture
- - not under conscious control
- - can contradict a message/cause ambiguity
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symbols (pg. 4)
- - voluntary expressions that stand for/represent something else
- - choice, conscious action
- ex. letters/words are symbols
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encoding (pg. 7)
- the process of selecting symbols to stand for or represent ideas (cognitions)
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decoding (pg. 7)
- - a message is decoded
- - the receiver selects the meanings to attach to the signs and symbols that were transmitted by the sender
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Pre-interview stage
- - job candidates must secure an interview
- - research, resume, cover letter
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recall listening
- - a person's ability to correctly interpret and remember the content of another person's message
- - 4 parts to recall listening
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4 parts of recall listening
- - Receiving the message
- - Attending to the message: direct proper attention towards message
- - assigning meaning/interpretation
- - remembering: store and recall major themes of message for future use/decision making
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empathic listening
- - active listening
- - building rapport and providing feedback
- - empathy, listen to others feelings
- - attitude of acceptance
- - responding positively to emotions
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brainstorming
- - a means of developing creative solutions to team problems
- - emphasizes creativity and innovation
- - most helpful to find unconventional solutions
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role-taking
- - a way to assess the audience
- - imagines how others will react to one's message
- - to put yourself in another person's shoes
- - anticipating a reaction to a message rather than waiting for the person's feedback - anticipate difficulties/objections
- - reduces ambiguity and increases the chances of sharing meaning
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avoidance style
- - low assertiveness
- - low cooperativeness
- - apathetic, refuse to engage in conflict
- **useful if preserving the relationship with a team member is more important than the actual issue at hand
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capstone statement
- - close the speech with this: it reinforces the specific purpose
- - can refer listeners back to the intro
- - ex: hypothetical story, can ask a question, be a startling statement, or a quote
- - usually contains the opinion/belief that the speaker wishes the audience to adopt
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