Chapters 10-12: Nervous system

• cervical - 8
• Thoracic - 12
• Lumbar - 5
• Sacral - 5
• Coccygeal - 1

Associated with breathing, diaphragm

muscles of shoulder - crutch palsy

Posterior arm, forearm, hand, thumbs, and first 2 fingers

Wristdrop - inability to lift or extend wrist

forearm and some hand muscles

inability to pick up small objects

wrist and many muscles of the hand

clawhand - inability to spread fingers apart

rib cage

impaired breathing

lower abdomen, anterior thigh, medial leg, foot

inability to extend leg and flex hip

lower trunk, posterior thigh, and leg

inability to extend hip and flex knee

lateral area of leg and foot

footdrop - inability to dorsiflex foot

posterior area of leg and foot

shuffling gait caused by the inability to invert and dorsiflex foot

• hemi - half
• sphere - sphere, round
• ectomy - cutting out

removal of a cerebral hemisphere to treat intractable epilepsy

• poly - many
• neur/o - nerve
• pathy - disease process

A general term describing a disorder of several peripheral nerves

• dys - difficult, bad
• phag/o - swallowing, eating
• ia - condition

condition of difficulty swallowing

involuntary contraction of small local muscles

rhythmic, purposeless, skeletal muscle movements

loss of memory caused by brain damage or severe emotional trauma

• hydro - water
• cephalus - head

Condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain

• an - no, not, without
• encephaly - brain

a congenital lack of formation of major portions of the brain

saclike protrusion of the meninges

• spin/o - spine
•  bi - 2
• fida - split

Condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening that allows protrusion of the meninges and/or spinal cord.

• mening/o - meninges
• itis - inflammation

Any infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, most commonly due to viral infections, although more severe strains are bacterial or fungal in nature

Progressive neurodegenerative disease in which patients exhibit an impairment of cognitive functioning.

Post Polio Syndrome

Although poliomyelitis has been eradicated - some patients who had polio report symptoms of exhaustion and muscle and joint pain decades after their initial illness

Multiple sclerosis

neurodegenerative disease characterized by destruction of the myelin sheaths on CNS neurons and their abnormal replacement by the gradual accumulation of hardened plaques

• epi - above
• lepsy - seizure

group of disorders characterized by recurrent seizures

• caus/o - burning
• -algia - pain

Nerve pain described by patients as burning pain

• di - two
• plegia - paralysis

Paralysis of the same body part on both sides of the body

• meningi/o - meninges
• oma - tumor/ mass

slow growing, usually benign tumor of the meninges

• hemat/o - blood
• oma - tumor/mass

refers to blood clots and generally caused by trauma

weakness or slight paralysis on the left/right side of the body

• hemi - half
• paresis - slight paralysis, weakness

• contra - opposite
• later/o - side
• al - pertaining to 

pertaining to opposite sides

dizziness

• a - without
• phas/o - speech
• ia - condition

inability to speak or understand speech

fainting

Transient Ischemic Attack

temporary ischemia due to occlusion or cerebral hemorrhage

Procedure to aspirate CSF from lumbar subarachnoid space

"spinal tap"

used to detect pathogens and abnormalities

"L3 - L4"

• Path/o - disease
• logy - study of

study of disease

• Heart - decreases rate
• Bronchial Tubes - constricts (lower airflow)
• Iris - pupil constricts
• blood vessel - no innervation
• sweat glands - no innervation
• intestine - stimulates motility, secretion
• uterus - no effect
• adrenal medulla - no effect
• salivary gland - stimulates watery secretion
• bladder wall - contracts
• internal sphincter - opens

Fight or Flight

• Heart - increases rate
• Bronchal tubes - dilate
• iris - dilates pupil
• blood vessels - constrict
• sweat glands - stimulates
• intestine - inhibits motility and secretion
• uterus - relaxes muscle
• adrenal medulla - stimulates secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine
• salivary - stimulates thick secretion
• bladder wall - relaxes
• sphincter - closes

• Sympathetic - fight or flight
• parasympathetic - feed and breed

part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies motor activity to the visceral effector organs - glands, smooth muscles within organs, and heart

A bruise of the brain involving a torn cerebral or meningeal blood vessel

Transient loss of consciousness usually after brain trauma

cerebrovascular accident

commonly called a brain attack

caused by sudden lack of blood, causing oxygen deprivation, and brain damage

Central nervous system - brain, spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous system - nerves and neuroglia

• Poly - many
• Somno - sleep
• Graphy - recording

measurement and record of a number of functions while the patient is asleep

most often used to diagnose sleep apnea

• ventriculo - ventricle
• cisterno - box,cistern
• stomy - making a new opening

The creation of an new opening between a blocked ventricle and a cerebral cistern

Used to treat hydrocephalus

sense of hearing and balance

facial expressions, secretion of saliva and tears, taste, blinking

movement of the eyeball

movement of the eyeball, raising of eyelid, change in pupil size

• sensory
• integrative
• motor

• cerebrum
• diencephalon
• brain stem
• cerebellum

executive functions, motor, personality, behavior, emotional expression

somatosensory area - temp, pain, light touch, proprioception

• frontal
• parietal
• occipital
• temporal

vision and vision related reflexes and functions


cerebral lobe that contains the primary visual cortex

hearing, smell, taste, memory storage, part of speech area


Cerebral lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex

• Bone
• Meninges
• CSF
• Blood brain barrier

• Dura Mater
• Arachnoid Mater
• Pia Mater

sensory, motor, reflex

sense of smell

sense of sight

Smooths out and coordinates voluntary muscle movements, helps in the maintenance of balance and muscle tone

reflexes, motor activity, evaluates sensory input

• Thalamus - relay structure and processing structure for most sensory info going to the cerebrum
• Hypothalamus - integrating system for the ANS regulation of temperature, water balance, sex, thirst, pituitary and endocrine functions

• Midbrain - Relays info associated with visual reflexes
• Pons - Relays info, plays a role in respiration
• Medulla oblongata - Vital center and emetic center

support, protect, and nourish the neurons

conduct the nerve impulse

dendrites, cell body, axon