-
What in the pepidoglycan wall induces TNF and IL-1
Teichoic Acid
-
What makes up a capsule
Polysaccharide
-
What two unique substances are in spores?
- Keratin Like coat
- Dipicolinic Acid-heat resistance
-
What is a pilus or fimbria made of
Glycoprotein
-
What is a glycocalyx
- Helps mediate adherance to foreign surfaces
- Made of Polysaccharide
-
What induces TNF and IL-1 in Gram Negatives
Lipid A
-
-
What are the Gram + rods
- Bacillius
- Clostridium
- Corynebacterium
- Listeria
- Mycobacteria
-
G+ branching filamentous
- Actinomyces
- Nocardia (weakly acid Fast)
- There are no G- branching filamentous
-
-
G- Spiral
- Leptospira
- Borrelia
- Treponema
-
-
What does mycobacteria have thats unique
- Mycolic Acid
- High lipid Content
-
What bacteria contain sterols and no cell wall
- Mycoplasma
- Require Cholestrol for membrane
-
What microbes do not stain well
- Treponema-darkfrield
- Rickettsia-intracellular
- Mycobacteria-acid fast stain
- Mycoplasma-no cell wall
- Legionella-silver stain
- Chlymdia-intracellular
- "These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color"
-
Ziechl-Neelsen Stain
Stains Acid Fast
-
Giemsa Stain
- Borrelia
- Plasmodium
- Trpanosomes
- Chlamydia
-
PAS (periodic Acid-Schiff)
- Stains glycogen
- Used to diagnose Whipple Disease
-
India Ink Stain
Cryptococcus Neoformans
-
-
Haemophilus influenzae Stain
Chocolate Agar with Factors V (NAD+) and X (Hematin)
-
Nesseria Gonorrhoea Stain
- Thayer Martin or VPN Media
- Vancomycin-inhibits G+
- Polymycin-inhibits G-
- Nystatin-inhibit fungi
-
Bortella Pertusis
- Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
- "Bordet for Bortella"
-
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Stain
- Tellurite Plate
- Loffler's Media
- "tell your attending to stop Loafing around"
-
Mycobacteria Tuberculosis Stain
Lowenstein-Jensen Agar
-
Mycobacteria Pneumoniae
Eaton's Agar
-
Lactose Fermenting Enteric Stain
- MacConkey's agar
- Fermenters turn it pink
-
Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) agar
- Escherichia coli
- Blue-lack colonies with metallic sheen
-
Legionella Stain
Charcoal yeast agar with Cysteine
-
Fungi Agar
Sabouraud's Agar
-
Urease Positive
- Proteus
- Klebsiella
- H. Pylori
- Ureaplasma
- "Particular Kinds Have Urease"
-
Pigment producing bacteria
- Actinomyces Israelii-yellow stain due to pus trapped inside the cells
- S. Aureus-yellow pigment
- Pseudomonas Aeruginosa- blue-green pigment
- Serratia Marcescens-red pigment
-
Protein A
- Binds Fc portion of Ig
- S. Aureus
-
IgA Protease
- Straptococcus Pneumoniae
- Haemophilus Influenzae B
- Neisseria
- "SHiN" bacteria
-
M Protein
- Stops phagocytosis
- Group A Strep.
-
What factors cause Sepsis
- Endotoxins
- Causes TNF and IL-1 secretion
-
Superantigens cause?
- Bind MHC II and T-Cell receptors simutanousely
- Cause massive IFN-Gamma and IL-2 secretion
-
TSST-1
- Staff. Aureus
- Causes Toxic Shock Syndrome
-
Erythrogenic Toxin
Strep. Pyogenes
-
Increases intracullar cAMP
ADP Ribosylating Toxins
- Cholerae
- Anthracis
- Macazatuvs revenge (E. Coli ETEC)
- Pertussis
-
What bacteria inactivates EF-2 (elongation factor 2)
Corynebacterium Diptheriae
-
Alpha Toxin
Double Zone of hemolysis on blood agar
Clostridium Perfringens
-
Floppy Baby Syndrome
- Clostridium Botulism
- Blocks ACTH
-
Inactivates 60S
- Shiga Toxin
- Shigella
- E. Coli H7
-
Streptolysin O
- Strep. Pyogens
- Hemolysin
- Induces ASO antibody used in detection of Rheumatic Fever
-
Edema Factor
- Bacillus Anthracis
- It is an adenylate cyclase and increases cAMP
-
What G+ bacteria has endotoxin
Listeria Monocytogenes
-
What does Lipid A (endotoxin activate)
- Macrophages-IL-1, TNF, NO
- Complement (alternative pathway)- C3a, C5a
- Hageman Factor-coagulation Cascade leading to DIC
-
What toxins are carried by Lysogenic Phages
- ShigA-toxin
- Botulinum toxin
- Cholera Toxin
- Diphtheria Toxin
- Erythrogenic Toxin
- "ABCDE"
-
Gram + (purple/blue)
Catalase +
Cocci
Staphylococcus
-
Gram +
Cocci
Coagulase +
Staph. Aureus
-
Gram +
Cocci
Catalase +
Coagulase -
- Staph. Epidermidis
- Staph. Saprophyticus
-
Gram +
Cocci
Catalase -
Streptococcus
-
Gram +
Rods
- Bacillus
- Clostridium
- Corynebacterium
- Listeria
-
Gram +
Cocci
Alpha Hemolytic
Quellung +
- Strep. Pneumoniae
- Optosin Senstive
- Bile soluble
-
Gram +
Cocci
Alpha Hemolytic
Quellung -
- Strep. Viridans
- Optochin Resistant
- Not Bile Soluble
-
Gram +
Cocci
Beta Hemolytic
Bacitracin Sensitive
Group A: Strep. Pyogenes
-
Gram + Cocci
Beta Hemolytic
Bacitracin Resistant
Group B: Strep. agalactiae
-
Gram +Cocci
No hemolysis
Bacitracin Sensitive
- Enterococcus
- Peptostreptococcus
-
Scalded Skin Syndrome
- Staph. Aureus
- Due to Exfloiatin
-
Rapid Onset Food Poisioning
Staph. Aureus
-
Stap. Aureus infections
- Acute Bacterial endocarditis
- Osteomyelitis
- Pneumonia
- Organ Abssess
- Toxic shock Syndrome (TSST-1 toxin)
-
Staph. Epidermidis Infections
- Prosthetic Devices
- Intravenos Catheters
- Adherent Biofilms
-
Strep. Pneumoniae Infections
- Most common cause of:
- Meningitis
- Otitis Media
- Pneumonia
- Sinusitis
- "think of the pneomococcus warrior"
-
Features of Strep. Pneumoniae
- Encapsulated (Quellung +)
- IgA protease
- Alpha-hemolytic
- Optochin Sensitive
- Causes Sepsis in sickle cell anemia and Splenectomy
-
Strep. Viridans Infections
- Subacute Endocarditis (Strep. Sanguis)-"alot of blood in the heart"
- Dental Caries (Strep. Mutans)
-
Features of Strep. Viridans
- Alpha-hemolytic
- Optochin Resistant
-
Strep. Pyogens Infections
- Pharyngitis
- Cellulitis
- Impetigo
- Scarlet Fever
- Rheumatic Fever
- Acute Poststrep. Glomerulonephritis
-
Strep. Pyogens Features
- M-protein
- Bacitracin Sensitive
-
Strep. Agalactiae (Group B) infections
- Causes infections in babies
- Pneumonia
- Meningitis
- Sepsis
-
Features of Strep. Agalactiae
- Bacitracin resistant
- B-hemolytic
-
-
Enterococci Features
- Normal colonic flora
- Penicillin G resistant
- Can grow in NaCL 6.5% AND bile
-
Nonenterococcal Features (group D strep)
Can only grow in Bile but not 6.5% NaCl
-
Streptococcus Bovis infections
- Bacteremia and Subacute Endocarditis in COLON CANCER patients
- "Bovis in the blood, better beware, cancer in the bowel"
-
Diphtheria infection features
- Pseudomembranous Pharyngitis
- Lymphadenopathy
- AV-conduction block
- Peripheral Nerve Palsies
- Guillain Barre like syndrome
- Palatal Paralysis and cranial Neropathies
- Gram + rods with metachromatic (blue and RED) granules
-
What makes spores so resistant
Dipicolinic Acid
-
Spore Forming Gram Positives
- Bacillus Anthracis
- Bacillus Cereus
- Clostridum Perfringens
- Clostridum tetani
- Clostridum botulinum
-
Lockjaw (trismus)
Spastic Paralysis
Permanent Grin on face (risus sardonicus)
- Tetanus caused by Clostridium Tetani
- Tetanospamin
- Inhbits GABA and Glycine from Renshaw Cells
-
Releases Toxin that inhibits ACh release
- Botulism-flaccid paralysis
- Clostridium Botulinium
- Floppy Baby Syndrome (honey ingestion)
-
Gas Gangrene is caused by
- Clostridium Perfringens
- Alpha-toxin: Lecithinase (a phospholipase)
-
Membrane in colon after clindamycin regime
- Psuedomembranous Colitis
- Clostridium Difficile
-
Has a polypeptide capsule containing D-glutamate
Bacillus Anthracis
-
Painless black ulcer (eschar) surrounded by edematous ring
Gram + Rod
spore forming
Cutaneous Bacillus Anthracis
-
Flu like symptomns, fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, shock
Gram + Rod
Spore forming
- Pulmonary Anthrax caused by Bacillis Anthracis
- Also called "woolsorters' disease"
- Can also cause GI infection: abdominal Pain, Bloody diarrhea, Vomitting
-
Only Gram + bacteria with endotoxin
Listeria Monocytogens
-
Forms Actin Rockets to move from cell to cell
Listeria Monocytogens
-
Listeria Monocytogens infections
- Neonatal Meningitis
- Meningitis in immune comprimised / elderly
- Septicemia in pregnant woman
- Mild gastroenteritis in healthy people
-
Listeria Monocytogens Features
- Tumbling Motiliy
- Actin Rockets
- Only G+ with endotoxin
- Listeriolysin O and Phospholipases
-
Actinomyces Israelii
- Gram + rod
- Forms long branching filaments
- Forms yellow sulfur granules in sinus tract
- Causes Oral/facial abscesses
- Normal oral flora
-
Nocardia Asteroides features
- Gram + rod
- Forms long branching filaments
- Weakly acid-fast
- Pulmonary infection in immune-compromised
-
Signs of primary TB
- Hilar Lymph Nodes
- Lesion in lower lobe on x-ray (Ghon Focus)
- Collectively known as Ghon Complex
- May be asymtomatic
-
What are extra-pulmonary infections of TB
- CNS-parenchymal tuberculoma or meningitis
- Vertebral Body-tuberculous artheritis of the intervertebral joints (Pott's Disease)
- Lymphadenitis
- Renal
- GI
-
Where are secondary TB lesions located
- Upper lobes
- In contrast to primary lesions of lower/middle lobes
-
Classic presentation of TB
- Fever
- Night Sweats
- Weight Loss
- Hemoptysis
-
What do mycobacteria stain with.
- Gram +
- Acid Fast Stains-they appear bright red on Ziehl-neelsen stain since they resist ethanol based de-colorization
-
Myocobacteria Kansasii
Pulmonary Infection with TB like symtomns
-
Mycobacterium Avium-intracellulare
- Desemminated disease in AIDS patients
- Fever, weight loss
- Hepatitis
- Bone marrow suppression
- Chronic watery diarrhea
-
Why does leprosy affect the skin and superficial nerves
It likes cool temperatures
-
What culture is used for Mycobacterium Leprae
None-can't be grown in vitro
-
What are the two different diseases of Mycobacterium Leprae
- Lepromatous Leprosy-presents as nodules all over skin and is communicable. Saddle nose. Blindness, infertility. Digit Absorption. Due to failed Cell-mediated immunity
- Tuberculoud Leprosy-Few hypoesthetic (low sensitivity to stimuli) nodules
-
Treatment of Mycobacterium Leprae
- Dapsone
- Give for 2 years
- Rifampin and Clofazimine are alternatives or additions
-
What are the toxic side effects of Dapson
- Hemolysis
- Methemoglobinemia
-
Gram -
Cocci
Maltose Fermenter
Neisseria Meningitidis
-
Gram -
Cocci
Maltose Non-fermenter
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
-
Gram-
Rod
Lactose non-fermenter
Oxidase +
Pseudomonas
-
Gram -
Rod
Lactose Non-fermenter
Oxidase -
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Proteus
-
Gram -
Rod
Lactose Fermenter
- Klebsiella
- E. Coli
- others...
-
Pink colonies on MacConkey Agar
- Indicates lactose fermenting bacteria
- Klebsiella
- E. Coli
-
What antibiotics are all gram- bacteria resistant to
- Penicillin G
- Vancomycin
- Outer membrane prevents drugs from entering
-
Kidney-shaped Gram negative Diplococci
Neisseria
-
Neisseria Gonococci Infections
- Gonorrhea
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Septic Arthritis
- Neonatal Conjunctivitis
- Fitz-hugh-Curtis Syndrome=upper quadrant tenderness (may be referred to right shoulder) with jaudice. Due to Glissons' capsule formation due to infection of the liver. Follows an PID.
-
Features of Neisseria Gonococci
- IgA protease
- No Capsule
- No Maltose fermentation
- No vaccine (due to high antigenic variation)
-
Neisseria Meningococci Infections
- Meningococcemia-normals septicemia signs plus Petechial Rash over body
- Meninigitis
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome=Hemorrhage of the adrenal glands plus hypotension and petechial rash
-
Neisseria Meningitis Features
- IgA proteases
- Polysaccharide Capsule
- Maltose Fermentation
- Vaccine
- Respiratory and oral secretions-asymptomatic carriage in nasalpharynx
-
Haemophilus Influenzae infections
- Epiglottitis-cherry red
- Meningitis
- Pneumonia
- Otitis Media
- Septic Arthritis in infants
- Sepesis in people with no spleens
-
Haemophilus Influenza features
- IgA protease
- Capsule B is most infectious
- Grow on Chocolate Agar with factor V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
-
Treatment of Haemophilus Influenza
- Ceftriaxone
- Rifampin for prophylaxis in close contacts
-
Severe pneumonia and fever
- Legionella Disease
- Pontiac Fever=mild flue-like syndromes
- Treat with Erythromycin
-
Features of Legionella Pneumophilia
- Use Silver Stain
- Charcoal yeast extract agar with Cysteine
- Detect by antigen in urine
- No person to person transmission
- Transmit through aerosol from environmental water
- Treat with Erythromycin
- "French legionaire in Silver helmet sitting around Charcoal fire, he is no Sissy (cysteine)"
-
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infections
- Wound and burn infections
- Pneumonia-in Cystic fibrosis patients
- Sepsis-black lesion on skin
- External Otitis
- UTI
- Endocarditis in Drug users
- Diabetic Osteomyelitis
- Drug user Osteomyelitis
- Corneal infection in contact lens wearers
- Hot Tub Folliculitis
-
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa features
- Aerobic
- Non-lactose fermenting
- Oxidase positive
- Produces Blue-green pigment (Pyocyanine)
- Grape-like Odor
- Exotoxin A-inactivates EF2
- Aminoglycoside + Anti-Pseudomonas Penicillin
-
Features of Enterobacteriacaea
- O antigen- endotoxin
- K antigen-Capsule
- H antigen-flagellar
- Ferment Glucose
- Oxidase Neagtive
- "COFFe"
-
Escherichia Coli infections
- Newborn meningitis
- UTI-cystitis and pyelonephritis
- Hopsital acquired sepsis
- Hospital acquired pneumonia
- Diarrhea (EIEC, EHEC, ETEC, EPEC)
-
EIEC
- Shiga-like toxin
- Invades intestinal mucosa
- Dysentary
- Pus in stool
- Fever
-
EHEC
- Shiga like toxin
- Bloody Diarrhea
- No pus in stool
- No Fever
- Hemorrhagic Uremic Syndrome -Anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure. Associated with E. Coli H7
-
Traveler's Diarrhea
- ETEC
- Heat stable Toxin (ST)-increases cGMP
- Heat Labile Toxin (LT)-increases cAMP, same as cholera
-
EPEC
- Called Entero-pathogenic E. Coli
- No toxin
- Flattens vili and prevents absorption
- Diarrhea in children
-
Pneumonia in Alcholics and Diabetics when aspirated
- Klebsiella
- Red current jelly sputum-bloody sputum due to lung necrosis
- Abscess in lungs
- UTI in hospitals
-
Salmonella Features
- Flagella
- Produces H2S-sulfuric Acid
- Non-lactose fermenter
- Monocytic response
- Siderophores-steal iron
- Fecal-Oral
-
Salmonella Infections
- Causes Bloody diarrhea
- Typhoid Fever (salmonella typhi)
- Chronic carrier state-in gallbladder
- Sepsis
- Osteomyelitis-in sickle cell patients
- Fecal-Oral
-
Fever, Diarrhea, rose spots on abdomen, Liver or spleen enlargement
- Typhoid Fever
- Salmonella Typhi
- Can remain in gallballder chronically (typhoid mary)
-
Shigella features
- No H2S production
- No lactose fermentation
- Non-motile
- Shiga Toxin-inactivates 60S ribosome
-
Shigella Infection
BLOODY diarrhea with mucus and pus
-
Yersinia Enterocolitica features
- Zoonotic
- Contaminated food or water
- Unpasteruized Milk
- V and W Antigens
- ST enterotoxin-increase cGMP
-
Yersinia Enterocolitica infection
- Acute enterocolitis with fever, diarrhea and abdomional pain
- Can mimic appendicitis or Crohn's
-
Helicobacter Pylori
- Urease Positive
- Alakine Urine
- Treat with triple therapy: Metronidazole, Bismuth, Tetracycline / Amoxicillin
- or Metronidazole, Omeprazole, Clarithromycin
-
Helicobacter Pylori infections
- Duodenal Ulcers
- Chronic gastritis
- Risk for peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma
-
Leptospira Interrogans features
- Aerobic
- Axial flagella (stealth)
- Question mark shaped
- Spread through water contaminated with animal urine
-
Leptospira Interrogans infections
- Leptospirosis-usually in tropics
- Weil's Disease-sever form of leptospirosis with renal failure, hepatitis, mental changes, hemorrhage in multiple organs
-
Leptospirosis
- Fever, headache, abdominal pain
- Jaundice
- Photophobia with conjunctivitis
- These symtomns recurr over and over
- Prevalent in tropics
-
- Lyme Disease
- Borrelia Burgdorferi
- Ixodes Tick-requires deer
- Erythema chronicum migrans-expanding Bull's Eye Rash
-
Three Stages of Lyme Disease
1) Erythema Chonicum Migrans (ECM)
- 2) Desseminated-multiple ECM, Bells palsy, aseptic meningitis, peripheral neuropathy,
- AV heart block, myocarditis
3) Chronic monoarthritis and migratory polyarthritis
-
Treponema Pallidum infections
Syphilis
-
Treponema Pertenue infections
- Jaws-skin, bone, joint lesion. Heals with keloids with severe deformities.
- Severe facial disfigurement
- Disease of tropics.
-
Stages of Syphillis
1) Painless ulcer
2) Maculopapular rash-rash on palms and soles, condylomata lata (warts)
- 3) Chronic granulomas (Gummas) of skin and bone
- Aortitis (vasa vasorum destruction)
- Tabes Dorsalis (neurosphyllis)-broad based ataxia, positive Romberg, Charcot joints, stroke with no hypertension
- Argyll-robertson pupil
Penicillin G for treatment
-
Saber Shin
Saddle Nose
Deafness
- Congeital Syphilis
- CN VIII involvment leads to deafness
- Mulberry Molars-dwarfing of the cusps and hypertrophy of the enamel surrounding the cusp
- Hutchinson's teeth- teeth that are smaller and more widely spaced than normal and which have notches on their biting surfaces
- Screen with VDRL test in pregnancy
- FTA-ABS is specific for treponemes
-
False VDRL positive test causes
- Viruses
- Drugs
- Rheumatic Fever
- Lupus and Leprosy
- "VDRL"
-
Cat scratch fever
- Bartonella Henselae
- Low Grade fever with lympadenopathy
- Bacillary angiomatosis in Immune compromised
- Culture negative endocarditis
-
Touched some animals
Drank some unpasturized milk
Fever that peeks in the evening and returns to normal during the day
Brucellosis / Undulant Fever
-
Saw a wild Rabbit and went to pet it
Found some ticks onself
Ulcer develops with swelling of lymph nodes
Francisella Tularensis
-
Groin lymph node enlargement
Black skin discoloration
- Bubonic Plague
- Yersinia Pestis
- Bipolar staining
- Sepsis-bacteria survive in macrophages and is spread to blood and organs
-
Bite from dog or cat
- Pasterurella Multocida
- Not facultative intracellular organism
- Local cellulitis
-
Vaginal Discharge
Fishy Smell
Non-painful
Vaginal Epithelial cells with tiny pleomorphic gram- bacilli within cytoplasm
- Bacterial Vaginitis
- Not an STD
- Clue cells-Vaginal Epithelial cells with tiny pleomorphic gram- bacilli within cytoplasm
- Mobiluncus (anerobe) may also be involved
- Metronidazole treatment
-
Rickettsiae features
- Obligate intracellular organisms
- CoA and NAD+ for survival
- All through athropod vector except coxiella (aerosol)
- Tetracyclin treatment
-
Rash on hands and soles migrating to trunk
Tick found on body
Fever
Headache
Conjunctival redness
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Rickettsia Rickettsii
-
Rash starting on drunk and spread outward
Does not involve palms or soles
Flea found on body
- Endemic Typhus
- Rickettsia Typhi
-
Positive Weil-felix reaction: Positive OX-19
Rash that spares palms and soles
Louse found on body after contact with flying squirrel
- Epidemic Typhus
- Rickettsia Prowazekii
- Gangrene of hands and feet-due to clots from endothelial damage
- Brill-zinsser disease=reactivation of disease but no Rash this time
-
Weil-felix reaction
- Indicates antibodies against Rickettsia
- Patient serum mixed with proteus antigens
- 1) R. Rickettsii-OX19 and OX 2
- 2) R. Prowazekii- OX 19
- 3) R. Typhi- OX 19
- 4) R. Tsutsugamushi- OX-K
-
Chlamydia features
- Obligate intracellular organisms
- Lacks Muramic acid in cell wall-resistant to lysosome
- Lacks peptidoglycan layer
- Can not be grown on Agar, need live cells (yolk sac or cell culture)
- Non motile
- No Pilli
- No exotoxin
- Giemsa orFlourescent antibody stain-cytoplasmic inclusions
-
Chlamydia life cycle
- 1) Elementary body-infectious and enters cells via endocytosis
- 2) Reticulate Body (initial body)-replicates in cells by fission
- 3) Reticulate bodies turn back into elementary bodies
- 4) Elementary bodies are released
-
Chlamydia Trachomatis infections
1) Serotype A, B, C-traction scarring of eyelid causing eyelashes to rub on eye causing corneal scarring and blindness. Chronic infection
- 2) Serotype D through K
- -inclusion Conjuctivitis
- -Neonatal Pneumonia
- -Neonatal Conjunctivitis
- -Ectopic pregnacy from PID
- -nongonococcal urethritis
- -PID
- -Complications of genital infections: Reiter's syndrome (conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis), Fitz-hugh-Curtis
- 3) L1, L2, L3
- -Lymphogranuloma venerum-lymphadenitis and positive Frei test
-
Chalmydia Psittaci
- Atypical Pneumonia-Fever and dry, nonproductive cough
- Erythromycin
- Tetracycline
-
Chlamydia Pneumoniae
- Atypical Pneumonia-fever and dry, nonproductive cough
- Erythromycin
- Tetracycline
-
Nonproductive Cough
Intersitial lung infiltrate
Cold Agglutinins (IgM) in high amounts
- "Walking Pnuemonia"- atypical pneumonia
- Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
- Cold agglutinins can lyse or agglutinate RBC
- Grown on Eaton's Agar
-
Mycoplasma features
- No Cell Wall
- Not Seen on gram stain
- Bacteria membrane has cholesterol-unique
- Eaton's agar culture
- Outbreak in military recruits and prisons
-
Pneumonia
Mississippi River Valley
Intracellular Macrophage inclusions
- Histoplasmosis
- Also Ohio river Valleys
- Bird and Bat droppings
-
Pneumonia
Weight Loss
Night Sweat
Fever
Broad-based budding yeast
- Blastomycosis
- Granulomatous Nodules
- Central America and Eastern states
-
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Southwest and California
After earthquake
- Coccidiodomycosis
- Can also cause erythema nodosum (painful erythematous nodular lesions)
-
Budding yeast with captain wheel formation
Latin America
Paracoccidiomycosis
-
What infection can systemic mycoses mimic
Tuberculosis
-
List the two modes of fungi
-
Spaghetti and Meatball apperance
Hypopigmented patches on skin
- Malassezia Furfur
- Degranulation of lipids produce acids that damage melanocytes
- Stain with Potassium Hydroxide KOH prep (use for all fungi)
- Topical miconazole
- Seleniun Sulfide
-
Pruritic lesion with central clearing
Mold hyphae in KOH stain
- Microsporum-pet reservoir, flouresce under Wood's light
- Trichophyton
- Epidermophyton
Digests keratin
- Tinea Corporis=ring worm
- Tinea Pedis=atheletes foot
- Tinea Cruris=jock itch
- Tinea Capitis=scalp
Topical Azoles
-
White deposits on mouth and tongue
Stain shows yeast with pseudohypae
- Candia Albicans
- Esophageal thrush in immuno-compromised
- Vulvovaginitis-diabetes or use of antibiotics
- Diaper rash
- Endocarditis-in IV drug users
- Desseminated disease-immune compromised
- Chronic Mucocutanous Candidiasis- immune compromised
- Nystatin for superficial
- Amphoteracin B for systemic
-
Lung cavity
Stain shows mold with septate Hypae that branch at ACUTE angles
- Aspergillus Fumigatus
- Lung cavity aspergilloma
- Also cause:
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Invasive apsergillosis-immune compromised
- Not dimorphic
- Mold
-
Heavily encapsulated yeast on india ink stain
Soap Bubble lesions in brain
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Crytococcal Meningitis
- Crypotococcosis
- Found in pigeons and soil
- Not Dimorphic
- Stain with Inida ink
- Yeast
- Sabouraud's agar for culture
- Latex agglutination test
-
Acute sinusitis (sinus pain or congestion)
Eye swelling and protrusion (proptosis)
Dark nasal eschar (scabbing)
Nasal stuffiness that progresses to black discharge, and acute sinusitis along with swelling of the eye
Mold with Nonseptate hyphae branching at WIDE angels
- Mucormycosis
- Mucor
- Rhizopus
- Ketoacidotic diabetic and Leukemic patients
- Mold
-
Aids patient
Diffuse interstitial pneumonia
Methnamine silver stain of lung shows yeast
- Pneumocystis Jiroveci
- Major AIDS infection
- Methenamine Silver Stain
- TMP-SMX
- Pentamidine
- Dapsone
-
Gardner's working on roses
Ulcer on skin that spread along lumphatics
Yeast in culture
- Sporotrichosis
- Sporothrix
- Cigar shaped budding Yeast
- Yeast
- Postassium iodide
- Itraconazole
-
Live vaccines
Humoral and Cell mediated
- Smallpox
- Yellow Fever
- Chickenpox (VZV)
- Sabin's Polio
- MMR
"Small yellow chickens get vaccinated with Sabins and MMR"
-
Killed Vaccines
Only humoral
- Rabies
- Influenza
- Salk Polio
- HAV
-
Recombinant vaccines
- HBV
- HPV- type 6, 11, 16, 18
-
Single stranded DNA virus
Parvovirus
"part-of-a-virus"
-
Circular dsDNA virus
- Papilloma
- Polyoma
- Hepadnavirus
-
-
Double stranded RNA virus
Reovirus
"repeato-virus"
-
DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm
Pox virus
-
RNA virus that replicates in Nucleus
- Influenza Virus
- Retro Virus
-
Naked viruses
- Calici
- picorna
- Reo
- Parvo
- adeno
- Papillo
- Polyma
"Naked CPR and PAPP smear"
-
Causes pink eye
Childhood upper respiratory infection
Adenovirus
-
Slapped red cheeks
Fever
- Parvo B19
- Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
- Aplastic anemia in sickle cell disease
- RBC destruction in fetus leads to hydrops fetalis and death
- ssDNA virus
- Smallest DNA virus
-
Papillomavirus
- HPV
- Warts (1,2,4,7)
- Cerival dusplasia
- Cervical cancer (16,18)
-
Polyomavirus
- JC Polyomavirus
- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in HIV patients-degenerative CNS disease
-
Poxvirus
- Smallpox-lesions in same phase
- Molluscum Contagiosum-small white bumps with central dimple.
Largest DNA virus
-
Herpes Virus
- HSV-1=temporal encephalitis, Gingivostomatitis (cold sore), Keratoconjunctivitis
- HSV-2=genital herpes
- VZV=shingles, encephalitis
- EBV=Mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma
- CMV=mononucleosis, Owl's Eye inclusions
- HHV-6=Roseola: high fevers folloed by diffuse rash
- HHV-8=kapsoi's sarcoma in HIV patients (sexual)
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