AEPA Language ARTS Study Set

• 4. Asking for clarification to providestudents with the opportunity todevelop communication skills
• 5. Promoting conversations among children
• 6. Providing feedback to let
• children know they have been heard and understood, and providing
• further explanation when needed

Decoding is the method or strategy used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them.

Letters and sounds.

Sounds of speech.

Letters and have meaning.

• 1. That there are 26 letters in the alphabet.
• 2. Each letter is distinct in appearance.
• 3. The direction and shape used to form each letter.
• 4. Each letter has a name that can be associated with the shape of the letter.
• 5. The letters are grouped together in a certain order.

• That a book has a title, a cover, a title page, and a table of contents. An author, contains a story, and illustrations can carry meaning.
• That letters and words are different, and words and sentences are separated by spaces and punctuation.

• 1. There is a connection between print and messages contained in signs, labels, etc.
• 2. Reading and writing are ways to obtain information and communicate ideas
• 3. Print runs from left to right and from top to bottom

• 1. Point out features of print, such as specific letters and punctuation
• 2. Track print from right to left
• 3. Emphasize the concept of word sand the fact that they are used to communicate

• 1. Remind students about what was read and discussed
• 2. Expand on the lesson topic or the me
• 3. Show the relationships among books, ideas, and words

• 1. Children's names in print or cursive
• 2. Children's written work
• 3. Newspapers and magazines
• 4. Instructional charts
• 5. Written schedules
• 6. Signs and labels
• 7. Printed songs, poems, and rhymes

Building on what the child already knows,discussing relevant and meaningful events and experiences, teaching vocabulary and literacy skills, and providing opportunities to acquire more complex language.

Written language development can occur without direct instruction. In fact, reading and writing do not necessarily need to be taught through formal lessons if the child is exposed to a print-rich environment.

Oral language development does not occur naturally, but does occur in a social context. This means it is best to include children in conversations rather than simply talk at them.

Oral and written language develops simultaneously. The acquisition of skills in one area supports the acquisition of skills in the other.

• 1. Modeling enriched vocabulary and teaching new words
• 2. Using questions and examples to extend a child's descriptive language skills
• 3. Providing ample response time to encourage children to practice speech

• 1. Children learn language through interacting with others
• 2. By experiencing language in daily and relevant context
• 3. Through understanding that speaking and listening are necessary for effective communication.

The alphabetic principle refers to the use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds.

• 8. Reading alliterative texts out loud
• 9. Grouping objects by beginning sounds
• 10. Reordering words in a well known sentence or making silly phrases by deleting words from a well-known sentence (perhaps from a favorite storybook)

• 4. Reading poems, songs, and nursery rhymes out loud
• 5. Reading patterned and predictable texts out loud
• 6. Listening to environmental sounds or following verbal directions
• 7. Playing games with rhyming chants or finger plays

• 1. Clapping to the sounds of individual words, names, or all words in a sentence.
• 2. Practicing saying blended phonemes
• 3. Singing songs that involve phoneme replacement (e.g., The Name Game)

The sounds at the beginning of words and rime the same thing as rhyme, but spelled differently to distinguish syllable rime from poetic rhyme.

Phonemes are the sounds represented by the letters in the alphabet. The ability to separate, blend,and manipulate sounds is critical to developing reading and spelling skills.

Phonological awareness is the ability to perceive sound structures in a spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes within syllables.

Phonological awareness, decoding,comprehension, and vocabulary.

While reading literacy may be gauged simply by the ability to read a newspaper,writing literacy includes spelling,grammar, and sentence structure.

The "ability to identify, understand, interpret, create,communicate, compute, and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts."

Literacy is commonly understood to refer to the ability to read and write.

• The Spenserian stanza, which has a rhyme pattern of a b a b b c b c c, is an example.
• Stanzas of a certain length also have names:   The couplet,which has two lines; the tercet, which has three lines; and the quatrain, which has four lines.

A stanza is a group of lines. The grouping denotes a relationship among the lines. A stanza can be any length, but the separation of lines into different stanzas indicates an intentional pattern created by the poet.

A line of poetry can be any length and can have any metrical pattern. A line is determined by the physical position of words on a page. A line is simply a group of words on a single line.

Poetry is designed to appeal to the physical and emotional senses.

Secondary research material is anything that is not primary. Secondary sources are those things that are written or otherwise recorded about the main subject.

Primary research material is material that comes from the "horse's mouth." It is a document or object that was created by the person under study or during the time period under study.

A short story is prose fiction that has the same elements as a novel, such as plot,characters, and point of view.

Free verse lacks regular patterns of poetic feet, but has more controlled rhythm than prose in terms of pace and pauses. Free verse has no rhyme and is usually written in short lines of irregular length.

Blank verse is unrhymed verse that consists of lines of iambic pentameter,which is five feet (sets) of unstressed and stressed syllables. The rhythm that results is the closest to natural human speech.

• • Dactylic – A stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables
• • Spondaic – Two consecutive syllables that are stressed almost equally
• • Pyrrhic – Two consecutive syllables that are equally unstressed

• • Iambic – An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
• • Anapestic – Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable
• • Trochaic – One stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable

A recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in language creates a rhythm when spoken. When the pattern is regular, it is called meter. When meter is used in a composition, it is called verse.

Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate sounds. It is sometimes called echoism. Examples are hiss, buzz, burp,rattle, and pop. It may also refer to words that correspond symbolically to what they describe, with high tones suggesting light and low tones suggesting darkness.

Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, particularly in stressed syllables, in words in close proximity. Assonance is considered to be a form of near rhyme.

Alliteration is the repetition of the first sounds or stressed syllables (usually consonants) in words in close proximity.An example is: "Chirp, chirp," said the chickadee.

• Third person – Third person points of view include omniscient (knows everything) and limited to a single character or a limited number of characters.
• First person – When this point of view is used, the narrator refers to himself or herself as "I."

Point of view is the angle from which a story is told.

Tone is the attitude of the writer or narrator towards the theme of, subject of,or characters in a work. Sometimes the attitude is stated, but it is most often implied through word choices.

• • Diction or word choices
• • Sentence structure and syntax
• • Types and extent of use of figurative language
• • Patterns of rhythm or sound
• • Conventional or creative use of punctuation

Style is the manner in which a writer uses language in prose or poetry

Nonfiction is a literary work that is based on facts.

Fiction is a literary work usually presented in prose form that is not true.

Poetry, or verse, is the manipulation of language with respect to meaning, meter,sound, and rhythm.

• 1. It may have some sort of rhythm,but there is no formal arrangement.
• 2. The common unit of organization is the sentence.It may include literary devices of repetition and balance.
• 3. It must have more coherent relationships among sentences than a list would.

Prose is language as it is ordinarily spoken as opposed to verse or language with metric patterns.